感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 34 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
A patient with a weak left leg walks with a stick in the right hand. What is the correct sequence?
On the day after surgery, a patient's new stoma has turned dark purple. What should the nurse do?
Why are blood cultures usually taken from two separate venipuncture sites?
Several patients arrive with suspected inhalational anthrax after a deliberate release. Which precautions are needed for their care?
对于采取防跌倒措施的患者,护士应将哪项任务委派给护理助理?
一名患者 45 分钟前突然说话困难。哪项行动优先级最高?
Which measure helps prevent delirium in older inpatients?
A patient is recognised by the team as being in the last days of life. Which approach is correct?
A patient has a calcium of 7.0 mg/dL (1.75 mmol/L) and tingling around the mouth. Which nursing measure is most appropriate?
After lying on the floor for many hours, a patient has a CK of 40,000 U/L, a potassium of 6.1 mEq/L and dark urine. Which prescribed treatment is the priority?
Besides lithium levels, which blood tests are monitored in long-term lithium treatment?
哪种抗癫痫药在妊娠期服用时,引起神经管缺陷和发育问题的风险是众所周知最高的?
A patient on home oxygen has dry, sore lips. Which product is safest to use?
一名 COPD 患者将带着长期氧疗回家。哪项宣教要点对安全最重要?
Why is all urine strained in a patient with suspected kidney stones?
A patient with diabetic neuropathy has a hot, red, swollen foot that is barely painful. The skin is intact, and there is no fever. What should the nurse suspect?
什么是麻痹性肠梗阻?
A patient who takes NSAIDs suddenly develops severe epigastric pain, a rigid abdomen and shoulder-tip pain. Which finding would most support the likely diagnosis?
Which behaviour shows positive early bonding between mother and newborn?
At 4 hours, a newborn's temperature is 37.9 °C (100.2 °F). He is wrapped in three blankets under a heater. What should the nurse do first?
对疑似 Wilms 瘤(肾母细胞瘤)的儿童,适用哪项护理注意事项?
在脑室腹腔分流术后的儿童中,哪项发现需要立即跟进?
一名患者要从 MAOI 换为 SSRI。什么是必不可少的?
A patient with borderline personality disorder says, "If you don't make Anna my nurse again tomorrow, I'll cut myself." What is the most appropriate response?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一名新生儿体重 5 lb 5 oz。按 1 lb = 16 oz 和 1 kg = 2.2 lb,求以千克表示的体重m。取到两位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一张处方写着口服混悬液2 tsp,每 8 小时一次,共 14 天。按1 tsp = 5 mL,整个疗程需要多少 mLV?
一个药瓶中含有 1 g 的粉末。标签上写着:加入 9.6 mL 注射用水,得到总容量 10 mL。医嘱为 100 mg。你应给予复溶后溶液的多少容量 V?
你需要用 50%(w/v)储备液配制 200 mL 0.5%(w/v)溶液。 必须向储备液中加入多少水 W?
医嘱要求以 60 mL/h 输液,但没有输液泵。改用滴系数为 10 gtt/mL 的输液器重力滴注。求滴速 R,以每分钟滴数表示。
一袋液体在 50 mL 中含药 100 mg,以 15 mL/h 的速度输注。患者每小时获得多少毫克 D?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 8 小时班次中的出入量。患者体重 69 kg。求平均尿量 U,以 mL/kg/h 计。 保留两位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一袋 1000 mL 的液体于 06:30 开始用输液泵以 120 mL/h 输注。到 14:00 时袋中还剩多少 mL V?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 用 Braden 量表评估一位练习患者:感觉知觉: 非常受限; 潮湿程度: 持续潮湿; 活动: 局限于椅子; 活动能力: 不受限制; 营养: 非常差; 摩擦力和剪切力: 有问题。求 Braden 总分B。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 对这些观察结果使用 NEWS2 图表(SpO₂ 量表 1):呼吸频率 25 次/分,SpO₂ 98%吸室内空气,血压 112/68 mmHg,脉搏 140 次/分,清醒,体温 36.8 °C。患者属于哪个临床风险组?点击它。
答案: B · Move the stick and the left leg forward together, then the right leg
The stick and the weak leg move together so the stick takes part of the load, then the strong leg steps through.
答案: D · Report it urgently, as the stoma may be losing its blood supply
A dusky, purple or black stoma suggests ischaemia or necrosis, which can need surgery. The nurse reports it to the surgical team at once.
答案: D · To help tell a true infection from skin contamination
If the same organism grows from both sets, it is more likely to be a true bloodstream infection. Growth in only one set may be contamination from the skin.
答案: B · Standard precautions, because it is not spread from person to person
Inhalational anthrax is caught by breathing in spores from the environment and does not spread from person to person, so standard precautions are enough. Decontamination may still be needed for people with spores on their skin or clothing.
答案: C · 按计划每 2 小时协助患者上厕所
定时如厕巡视是遵循护理计划的常规任务。跌倒风险评分、决定干预措施和教育都需要护理判断。
答案: B · 启动卒中团队进行紧急影像学检查,并记录最后已知正常的时间
溶栓治疗与时间有关,且需要先做影像学检查以排除出血。最后已知正常的时间决定是否符合条件。影像学检查前不给阿司匹林,在吞咽筛查之前不经口给予任何东西。
答案: D · Reorientation, glasses and hearing aids in use, and good sleep and hydration
Multicomponent prevention, including orientation, sensory aids, hydration, nutrition, mobility, sleep and avoiding unnecessary moves or drugs, reduces delirium.
答案: D · Review and stop treatments that no longer help, and focus on comfort
When dying is recognised, non-beneficial interventions are stopped and anticipatory medicines for symptoms such as pain, agitation and secretions are prescribed. Clear communication with the patient and family is essential.
答案: C · Put seizure precautions in place and report the result
Hypocalcemia increases neuromuscular excitability and can cause tetany, laryngospasm and seizures. The nurse reports the result, keeps the patient safe with seizure precautions and expects calcium replacement. The other measures fit hypercalcemia.核对依据: Hypoparathyroidism · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026)
答案: A · Large-volume IV fluids with cardiac monitoring
Rhabdomyolysis releases myoglobin, which can cause acute kidney injury, and potassium, which can cause arrhythmias. Early aggressive IV fluids, a target urine output and cardiac monitoring are priorities. NSAIDs and potassium would worsen kidney injury and hyperkalemia.核对依据: Rhabdomyolysis · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答案: D · Kidney function and thyroid function
Lithium can impair kidney function and cause hypothyroidism. Kidney function, thyroid function and calcium are checked regularly, along with lithium levels.
答案: D · 丙戊酸钠
丙戊酸盐具有强致畸性,可引起神经管缺陷和其他畸形,并影响神经发育。除非没有其他有效替代药物,妊娠期应避免使用。
答案: A · A water-based lubricant
Oil-based products such as petroleum jelly can ignite or burn intensely in high oxygen concentrations and have caused facial burns. Water-based products are recommended. Oxygen cylinders are kept upright and secured, away from heat and flames.
答案: D · 绝不吸烟,也不要让明火靠近氧气
吸氧时吸烟是烧伤和致命火灾的主要原因。患者必须使氧气远离火焰和热源,使用水溶性(而非油性)润滑剂,并遵循处方流量,因为无人监督地增加流量可使 CO₂ 潴留加重。
答案: B · To catch the stone so it can be analysed
A passed stone can be sent for analysis. Its composition guides diet and drug advice to prevent recurrence. Straining also confirms that the stone has passed.
答案: A · An acute Charcot foot, needing urgent offloading
Acute Charcot neuroarthropathy causes inflammation and destruction of bones and joints in a foot without protective sensation. It can look like cellulitis. Early immobilisation and offloading prevent permanent deformity.
答案: A · 没有物理性阻塞,但肠蠕动丧失
麻痹性肠梗阻是蠕动停止的功能性梗阻,常见于腹部手术后、使用阿片类药物、感染或电解质紊乱(尤其是低钾)。肠鸣音减弱或消失。
答案: A · Free air under the diaphragm on an erect chest X-ray
A perforated peptic ulcer releases air into the peritoneal cavity, seen under the diaphragm on an erect chest X-ray or on CT. Shoulder-tip pain is referred from diaphragmatic irritation. The patient is kept nil by mouth, resuscitated and referred urgently to surgeons.
答案: D · Face-to-face eye contact and talking to the baby
En face positioning, touching, talking in a high-pitched voice and calling the baby by name are positive bonding behaviours. Persistent avoidance needs further assessment and support.
答案: C · Remove extra layers and recheck
Overheating from heavy wrapping or a heater can raise a newborn's temperature. The nurse removes extra layers, rechecks the temperature soon and assesses for signs of infection if it stays high.
答案: D · 避免触诊腹部
触诊腹部可能使肿瘤包膜破裂并扩散癌细胞。床头常挂有标识,提醒工作人员不要触诊。
答案: B · 头痛、反复呕吐和嗜睡加重
头痛、呕吐、易激惹和嗜睡提示分流管堵塞或感染导致颅内压升高。在婴儿中,囟门膨隆和头围增大也是征象。
答案: C · 在开始使用 SSRI 前有约 2 周的洗脱期
MAOI 与 SSRI 合用可导致 5-羟色胺综合征。停用 MAOI 后通常需要约 2 周的洗脱期;由氟西汀换为 MAOI 时,由于其半衰期长,需要更长的间隔(约 5 周)。
答案: B · Take the statement seriously, assess her risk and explain that nursing assignments are decided by the team
Every threat of self-harm needs assessment, but giving in to it reinforces the behaviour and supports splitting. The nurse addresses safety and feelings while keeping consistent team boundaries.
答案: m = 2.41 kg
家用计量和体重:护理考试使用取整的等量关系:1 茶匙(tsp)= 5 mL,1 汤匙(tbsp)= 15 mL = 3 tsp,1 液量盎司(fl oz)= 30 mL = 2 tbsp,1 杯 = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重方面,1 kg = 2.2 lb,1 lb = 16 oz;长度方面,1 英寸 = 2.54 cm。设置换算时,要让你不需要的单位相互约去。
答案: V = 420 mL
量纲分析:先写出已知量,再乘以写成分数形式的换算系数(例如 60 min/1 h 或 1 mg/1000 mcg),使每个不需要的单位在分子和分母各出现一次并相互约去。只剩下所求单位时再计算。使用题目给出的等量关系,只对最终答案取整。
答案: V = 1 mL
Dose calculation: the amount to give equals what is prescribed divided by what you have, times the quantity it comes in: amount = (desired dose/stock strength) × stock volume. Always keep the units the same (convert g to mg, mg to mcg first) and check that the answer is sensible.
答案: W = 198 mL
Solution strengths: a percentage strength is grams per 100 mL, so 1% = 1 g/100 mL = 10 mg/mL. A ratio strength 1:1000 means 1 g in 1000 mL = 1 mg/mL; 1:10 000 is 0.1 mg/mL. For a dilution the amount of drug stays the same: C₁·V₁ = C₂·V₂.
答案: R = 10 gtt/min
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
答案: D = 30 mg/h
输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。
答案: U = 1.72 mL/kg/h
出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: V = 100 mL
输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: B = 11
Braden 量表:评估压力性损伤风险的六个分项。感觉知觉、潮湿程度、活动、活动能力和营养各评 1 至 4 分,从最差水平(1)到无问题(4);摩擦力和剪切力评 1 至 3 分。总分为 6 至 23,总分越低风险越高。常用分级:19–23 无风险,15–18 轻度风险,13–14 中度风险,10–12 高风险,9 分及以下为极高风险。
答案: 中
NEWS2(国家早期预警评分 2,英国皇家内科医师学会 2017):按图表为七个参数分别评分(呼吸频率、量表 1 的 SpO₂、吸空气还是吸氧、收缩压、脉搏、按 ACVPU 量表评定的意识状态和体温),然后把分数相加。临床风险:0–4 为低;任何单项参数得 3 分为中低;5–6 为中;7 或以上为高。总分 5 或以上需要紧急响应。
总分 5 或以上需要紧急的临床响应。
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