感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 34 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
A goal states: "The patient will report pain of 3/10 or less within one hour of analgesia." After one hour the patient reports 6/10. What should the nurse do?
A pulse oximeter reads 82% on a patient with cold hands who is talking in full sentences with a normal respiratory rate. What is the best first action?
An adult with hepatitis A is incontinent of stool. Which precautions are used?
A patient with dementia is often found at the exit doors trying to leave the unit. Which measure is most appropriate?
On day 3 after hip surgery, a patient suddenly becomes short of breath with sharp chest pain and an SpO₂ of 88%. What should the nurse do first?
A patient on airborne precautions for suspected tuberculosis must go to the radiology department. What should the patient wear during transport?
一名 1 型糖尿病患者呕吐且进食很少。正确的患病期间(sick-day)建议是什么?
A nurse realises she has given a patient a medicine prescribed for another patient. What should she do first?
A patient takes high-dose furosemide. Besides potassium, which electrolyte is most commonly lowered?
A patient on digoxin has a calcium of 12.1 mg/dL (3.0 mmol/L) and new nausea and a slow pulse. Why is the calcium result important?
Which adverse effects are typical of donepezil?
Why is glibenclamide (glyburide) generally avoided in older adults?
A patient's blood pressure is 120/60 mmHg. What is the approximate mean arterial pressure?
一名限制每天液体 1.5 L 的心力衰竭患者抱怨口渴难耐。哪项措施最恰当?
Why are patients with an acute spinal cord injury at high risk of deep vein thrombosis?
A patient with a long-term catheter has fever and rigors, and a catheter UTI is suspected. Which action is recommended before starting antibiotics?
Which is correct when caring for a patient with a PICC line?
化疗后十天,一名患者体温 37.6 °C,但感到发冷不适,脉搏 112 次/分,血压 95/60 mmHg。正确的做法是什么?
What should parents be taught about the water for a newborn's bath?
A newborn's cord stump has redness spreading onto the abdominal skin and a foul discharge. What is the priority?
Which approach best helps a 4-year-old during a vaccination?
一名 6 岁的镰状细胞病患儿体温 39.0 °C。为什么要作为紧急情况处理?
Which criteria are needed for a diagnosis of intellectual disability?
On a mental health ward, which task is most appropriate for the nurse to delegate to a healthcare assistant?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一位患者的体温为 39.7 °C。用 °F = °C × 9/5 + 32 把它换算为华氏度T。取到一位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一次输注从 20:25 开始,到次日早晨 08:15 结束(24 小时制)。它运行了多少分钟t?
某患者体重 30 kg,医嘱为单次给药 7.5 mg/kg。求剂量 D(mg)。
一名体重 24 kg 的儿童,医嘱为口服混悬液每次 10 mg/kg,该混悬液每 5 mL 含 125 mg。你应给多少体积 V?
用滴系数为 10 滴/mL 的输液器在 2 小时内输入 250 mL。求滴速 R(滴/分)。 取整到最接近的整数。
将 200 mg 药物稀释于 100 mL 中,通过滴系数为 15 gtt/mL 的输液器重力滴注。医嘱为每小时 120 mg。求滴速 R,以每分钟滴数表示。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 12 小时班次中的出入量。静脉输液在整个班次中按所示速率输注。求总入量 I,以 mL 计。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一份 500 mL 的输液于 09:30 开始以 100 mL/h 输注。2 小时后速率改为 150 mL/h,之后不再改变。从开始算起多少小时 t 后袋子会输完? 保留一位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一位头部损伤后的练习患者完全不睁眼,只发出无法理解的声音,如呻吟,最佳运动反应表现为:完全没有动作。 算出 GCS 并据此对头部损伤分级。点击你的答案。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 出生后 5 分钟,一名练习用新生儿的表现为:全身皮肤粉红,心率 85 次/分,刺激时哭叫、咳嗽或打喷嚏,四肢略有屈曲,呼吸良好,哭声响亮。 为 Apgar 评分并点击该评分的解读。
答案: A · Record the goal as not met and review the plan
Evaluation compares the outcome with the goal. The goal was not met, so the nurse reassesses, reports and revises the plan, for example with a different analgesic.
答案: A · Check the patient and probe, then warm the hand or move the probe
Cold peripheries, movement and nail varnish can give falsely low readings. The nurse assesses the patient first, then checks the waveform and probe site; a low reading is never ignored until it is explained.
答案: B · Contact precautions in addition to standard precautions
Hepatitis A spreads through fecal contamination. For a patient who is incontinent or in diapers, contact precautions are added to standard precautions to prevent spread on hands and surfaces.
答案: D · Use an electronic wander alert, supervise closely and offer meaningful activity
Wander alert systems, close supervision, orientation and activity reduce the risk of elopement without restricting the patient. Seclusion, restraints and sedation used for convenience are not appropriate.
答案: C · Raise the head of the bed, give oxygen and call for urgent help
Sudden breathlessness and chest pain after surgery suggest a pulmonary embolism. The nurse supports breathing with positioning and oxygen and escalates at once; walking or leg massage could make things worse.
答案: C · A surgical mask
A patient with an airborne infection wears a surgical mask outside the isolation room to contain respiratory particles. Staff caring for the patient wear fit-tested respirators, and the receiving department is told in advance.
答案: D · 不要停用胰岛素;更频繁地检测血糖和酮体
1 型糖尿病患者停用胰岛素可迅速导致 DKA。患者应继续使用胰岛素,监测血糖和酮体,多饮水,若酮体升高应寻求帮助。
答案: D · Check the patient's condition and inform the doctor
The first priority is the patient: assess them and inform the prescriber so that any treatment can be given. The error must then be documented, reported and discussed openly with the patient (open disclosure; in the UK, the statutory duty of candour).
答案: D · Magnesium
Loop diuretics block the Na-K-2Cl transporter in the loop of Henle, where much magnesium and calcium are also reabsorbed. They therefore commonly cause hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia, and they can raise uric acid and bicarbonate.核对依据: Magnesium Blood Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2023)
答案: A · High calcium increases the risk of digoxin toxicity
Hypercalcemia, like hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia, makes the heart more sensitive to digoxin and raises the risk of toxic arrhythmias. Nausea and bradycardia suggest toxicity, so the nurse holds the dose and reports the findings.
答案: B · Nausea, diarrhoea and a slow heart rate
Cholinesterase inhibitors cause cholinergic effects such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea and bradycardia. Patients are watched for dizziness and fainting from a slow pulse.
答案: C · It is long-acting and can cause prolonged, severe hypoglycaemia
Glibenclamide has a long action and active metabolites that accumulate when kidney function declines. Older adults are at high risk of prolonged hypoglycaemia, so shorter-acting agents or other drug classes are preferred.
答案: C · 80 mmHg
MAP ≈ diastolic + (systolic − diastolic) ÷ 3 = 60 + 60 ÷ 3 = 80 mmHg. The heart spends longer in diastole, so MAP is closer to the diastolic value. A MAP of at least about 65 mmHg is a common target for organ perfusion.
答案: C · 口腔护理、计量的冰块和分散在全天的液体
把液体分散在全天、使用小杯、含冰块(计入总量)、嚼无糖口香糖和定期口腔护理,有助于患者耐受液体限制。咸的食物会增加口渴和液体潴留。
答案: B · Paralysed leg muscles no longer pump blood back to the heart
Paralysis removes the calf muscle pump, and immobility causes venous stasis. Trauma also makes the blood more likely to clot. Prophylaxis usually combines anticoagulation and mechanical methods when safe.
答案: A · Replace the catheter and take a sample from the new one
Long-term catheters develop a biofilm that contaminates samples. Guidance usually advises replacing the catheter, collecting a sample from the new one and then starting antibiotics. Bag samples are not used.
答案: B · Avoid taking blood pressure on the arm with the line
BP cuffs and tourniquets on the PICC arm can damage the line. The external length and site are checked, the dressing is kept intact, and the line is flushed and used with aseptic technique according to policy.
答案: D · 按可能的中性粒细胞减少性脓毒症处理:一小时内静脉使用抗生素
在预期的最低点期间感觉不适的患者,即使没有高热,也应按中性粒细胞减少性脓毒症处理;寒战、心动过速和低血压是警示信号。应采集血培养并在 1 小时内开始经验性静脉抗生素治疗,无需等待血常规结果。退热药可能掩盖发热,不应延误评估。
答案: B · Check that it is warm, not hot, before the baby goes in
Bath water should be comfortably warm, about 37 °C (98.6 °F), checked with a thermometer or the elbow, and the baby is never left alone, even in shallow water. Plain water or a mild baby cleanser is used. Some guidance, such as in the US, advises sponge baths until the cord stump has fallen off.
答案: A · Report it as possible omphalitis
Spreading redness, swelling and foul discharge suggest omphalitis, which can lead to sepsis. It needs prompt medical assessment and antibiotics.
答案: D · Hold the child upright on a parent's lap and use distraction, such as blowing bubbles
Upright comfort positions with a parent and distraction reduce fear and pain. Honest, simple explanations build trust; saying it won't hurt or making a reward depend on not crying increases distress.
答案: B · 镰状细胞病患儿脾功能减退,发生严重细菌感染的风险很高
反复梗死使脾脏在儿童早期受损(功能性无脾),因此有荚膜的细菌可导致暴发性脓毒症。发热需要紧急评估,通常需要使用抗生素。
答案: C · Limits in both intellectual and adaptive functioning, starting in childhood
Intellectual disability requires limitations in intellectual functions and in adaptive functioning, such as communication, self-care and social skills, starting in childhood. Severity is based mainly on adaptive functioning.
答案: A · Accompanying a stable patient to the dining room and recording his food intake
Routine, predictable tasks with stable patients, such as escorting and recording intake, can be delegated. Assessment, care planning, teaching and evaluation require the nurse's judgement.
答案: T = 103.5 °F
温度:°C = (°F − 32) × 5/9,°F = °C × 9/5 + 32。从 °F 换算时先减 32 再乘,从 °C 换算时先乘再加 32。快速核对:37 °C 为 98.6 °F,每 1 °C 相当于 1.8 °F。
答案: t = 710 min
24 小时制:下午 1 点起,小时数加 12(下午 3:45 = 15:45)。午夜到凌晨 12:59 为 00:00–00:59,中午 12:00–12:59 仍为 12:00–12:59。反过来换算时,13–23 点减 12 并标为下午;00 点变为凌晨 12 点。跨午夜计算时间要分两段:先算到 24:00(00:00),再从 00:00 算起。
答案: D = 225 mg
剂量计算:给药量等于医嘱剂量除以现有药物的规格,再乘以该规格对应的量:给药量 = (医嘱剂量/储备规格) × 储备体积。始终统一单位(先把 g 换成 mg,mg 换成 mcg),并检查答案是否合理。
答案: V = 9.6 mL
剂量计算:给药量等于医嘱剂量除以现有药物的规格,再乘以该规格对应的量:给药量 = (医嘱剂量/储备规格) × 储备体积。始终统一单位(先把 g 换成 mg,mg 换成 mcg),并检查答案是否合理。
答案: R = 21 gtt/min
输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。
床旁取最接近的整滴:21 滴/分。
答案: R = 15 gtt/min
Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).
答案: I = 1120 mL
出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: t = 4 h
输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
约为 4 h 00 min,所以袋子大约在 13:30 输完。
答案: 重度
格拉斯哥昏迷量表:把三个方面的最佳反应相加。睁眼 E:4 自发,3 对声音或言语,2 对压迫,1 无。言语 V:5 定向正常,4 意识模糊,3 用词不恰当,2 发出无法理解的声音,1 无。运动 M:6 遵嘱动作,5 定位,4 正常屈曲(回缩),3 异常屈曲,2 伸展,1 无。总分为 3 至 15。头部损伤后,13–15 通常称为轻度,9–12 为中度,3–8 为重度。
答案: 令人放心
Apgar 评分:五项体征,每项评 0、1 或 2 分,在出生后 1 分钟和 5 分钟检查。外观(肤色):青紫或苍白 0 分,躯干粉红、四肢青紫 1 分,全身粉红 2 分。脉搏:无 0 分,低于 100 次/分 1 分,100 次/分或以上 2 分。反射(反射应激性):无 0 分,做鬼脸 1 分,哭叫、咳嗽或打喷嚏 2 分。肌张力(活动):松软 0 分,略有屈曲 1 分,活动活跃 2 分。呼吸:无 0 分,缓慢或不规则、哭声微弱 1 分,良好、哭声响亮 2 分。总分 7–10 为令人放心,4–6 为中度异常,0–3 为低。
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