感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 34 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
哪项措施有助于预防住院患者发生深静脉血栓?
Which of these patients should the nurse attend to first?
下列哪种脱手套的方法是正确的?
During a power cut in a US hospital, a ventilator must stay powered. Where should it be plugged in?
The day after a total thyroidectomy, a patient reports tingling around the mouth and in the fingers. What should the nurse do first?
A patient has a chest drain for a pneumothorax. The nurse sees constant bubbling in the water-seal chamber. What does this most likely mean?
Why are people with diabetes advised to have regular eye screening?
Why must severe chronic hyponatraemia be corrected slowly?
一名患者的血红蛋白为 7.8 g/dL(78 g/L)。护士预期会有哪些发现?
一名心力衰竭患者入院时 BNP 很高,在利尿治疗后正在下降。这最可能说明什么?
During an infusion of a vesicant chemotherapy drug, the patient reports burning, and the site is swollen. What should the nurse do first?
A patient on long-term prednisolone has been vomiting for two days and could not take her tablets. She is now hypotensive and confused, with low sodium and high potassium. What is the most urgent treatment?
对静脉性下肢溃疡进行加压治疗之前,必须做哪项评估?
Four hours after abdominal surgery, a patient's heart rate has risen from 84 to 122/min and they are restless and pale. BP is still 118/76 mmHg, and the surgical drain is filling with blood. What should the nurse conclude?
Why are tacrolimus blood levels checked regularly?
一名带有隧道式中心静脉导管的血液透析患者在透析开始后不久出现发热和寒战。护士应怀疑什么并如何处理?
A patient on enteral feeding develops diarrhoea. What should the nurse review first?
为什么对术后阿片类药物引起呼吸抑制的患者,纳洛酮通常以小剂量重复给予?
为什么给早产临产的女性使用倍他米松等皮质类固醇?
A woman who had a stillbirth asks the nurse why it happened. What is the most appropriate response?
Until when is a child with chickenpox usually considered infectious?
A child has a swollen, red eyelid with fever, pain on moving the eye and blurred vision. What should the nurse suspect?
末次饮酒后,震颤谵妄最可能在何时开始?
在一次会谈中,一名患者说他打算严重伤害一位指名的邻居。正确的一般原则是什么?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一次注射的剂量计算得到 5.1834 mL。 本练习的规则是:1 mL 或以上的体积取到最接近的十分之一 mL。你记录的数值x是多少?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一次输注从 19:45 开始,到次日早晨 02:50 结束(24 小时制)。它运行了多少小时t?答案以小数表示小时数,取到两位小数。
一名体重 22 kg 的儿童按 2.5 mg/kg 处方用药。原液浓度为 25 mg/mL。请抽取剂量:应给多少体积 V?
处方为 380 单位的药物,药液规格为 1000 单位/mL。请用 1 mL 注射器抽取剂量:应给多少体积 V?
医嘱要求以 125 mL/h 输液,但没有输液泵。改用滴系数为 60 gtt/mL 的输液器重力滴注。求滴速 R,以每分钟滴数表示。
医嘱要求在 12 小时内输入 1500 mL。3 小时后你发现袋中还剩 1330 mL,而输液仍须按时完成。 原来的泵速必须提高百分之多少 Δ?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 12 小时班次中的出入量。静脉输液在整个班次中按所示速率输注。求液体平衡 B = 入量 − 出量,以 mL 计(答案为负表示净丢失)。 冰屑按其体积的一半计。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一袋 1000 mL 的液体用输液泵以 75 mL/h 输注。到 12:00 时已输入 550 mL。还要多少小时 t 袋子才会输完? 保留一位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一位头部损伤后的练习患者完全不睁眼,不发出任何声音,最佳运动反应表现为:手臂和腿伸直(异常伸展)。 算出 GCS 并据此对头部损伤分级。点击你的答案。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 用 Morse 跌倒评分评估一位练习患者:过去 3 个月内的跌倒史: 否; 次要诊断: 是; 行走辅助: 无、卧床休息或由护士协助; 静脉输液或封管: 否; 步态: 受损; 精神状态: 了解自身局限。使用分界值 0–24 低,25–44 中度,45 或以上高,点击跌倒风险等级。
答案: B · 早期下床活动和下肢运动
早期活动、下肢运动、充足的水分,以及经评估适合时使用弹力袜或抗凝药物,可以减少静脉淤滞和血栓形成的风险。
答案: D · A patient with diabetes who is sweaty and shaky with a glucose of 2.9 mmol/L (52 mg/dL)
Hypoglycaemia can quickly lead to unconsciousness and seizures and needs immediate treatment. The other patients' needs are important but can wait a few minutes.
答案: B · 先捏住第一只手套的外面将其剥下,再把裸露的手指伸到第二只手套的袖口下
手套外面是被污染的,所以只能接触另一只手套;裸手只能接触第二只手套的内面。随后进行手卫生。手套绝不能清洗后再次使用。
答案: A · Into a red outlet connected to the emergency generator
In US hospitals, red outlets are usually connected to the emergency generator. Life-support equipment is plugged into them, and battery backups are checked as part of emergency planning.
答案: B · Check for signs of low calcium and inform the provider
Damage to the parathyroid glands during thyroid surgery can cause hypocalcemia. Tingling, muscle cramps and a positive Chvostek or Trousseau sign need prompt reporting and calcium replacement as prescribed.
答案: B · An air leak in the patient or the system that needs checking
Continuous bubbling in the water-seal chamber signals an air leak. The nurse checks the connections from the patient to the drain and reports a leak that cannot be fixed.
答案: B · To detect diabetic retinopathy early, before sight is lost
Diabetic retinopathy often has no symptoms until it is advanced. Screening allows early treatment that can prevent blindness.
答案: A · Too-rapid correction can cause osmotic demyelination in the brain
In chronic hyponatraemia brain cells adapt to the low tonicity. A rapid rise in sodium draws water out too fast and can cause osmotic demyelination, so the correction rate is limited and sodium is checked often.
答案: C · 疲劳、苍白、心率快和活动时呼吸急促
贫血减少氧输送。心脏加快跳动以代偿,患者感到疲倦,活动时呼吸急促,面色苍白。严重贫血可使有心脏病的人出现胸痛。核对依据: Anemia · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026)
答案: B · 心脏的牵拉减轻,与病情改善相符
BNP 下降意味着心室负荷减轻,这与液体状态改善相符。应结合症状、体重和检查来解读。核对依据: Natriuretic Peptide Tests (BNP, NT-proBNP) · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2023); Brain natriuretic peptide test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)
答案: D · Stop the infusion, leave the cannula in and follow the protocol
Suspected extravasation of a vesicant is an emergency. The infusion is stopped, the cannula is left in so that drug can be aspirated, and the protocol, which may include an antidote and cold or warm packs, is followed.
答案: D · IV hydrocortisone and IV fluids
This suggests an adrenal crisis triggered by missed steroids and illness. Treatment is immediate IV or IM hydrocortisone, IV fluids with glucose as needed, and treating the cause.
答案: A · 踝肱压力指数(ABPI)
加压有助于静脉回流,但如果动脉供血不足,可引起组织坏死。ABPI 比较踝部和上臂的收缩压;低于约 0.8(或高于约 1.3,提示血管钙化)的数值在加压前需要专科评估。
答案: B · Early haemorrhagic shock is likely, so escalate urgently
Rising heart rate, restlessness, pallor and visible bleeding are signs of compensated haemorrhagic shock. Waiting for hypotension delays treatment. The nurse escalates urgently, gives oxygen, ensures IV access and anticipates bloods, fluids or blood products and surgical review.
答案: D · Too high harms the kidney; too low risks rejection
Tacrolimus has a narrow therapeutic range and many interactions. High levels can cause nephrotoxicity, tremor and high glucose, while low levels risk rejection. Trough levels are taken before the morning dose.
答案: B · 导管相关血流感染;停止透析,采集培养并上报
通过中心静脉导管开始透析时出现发热和寒战,强烈提示导管相关血流感染。应按方案停止或调整透析,采集血培养(导管和外周),通知团队并按医嘱开始静脉抗生素。检查出口处。
答案: B · The medicine chart, including laxatives and antibiotics
Diarrhoea on enteral feeds is often caused by drugs such as antibiotics, laxatives and liquid medicines containing sorbitol, or by infection such as C. difficile. The feed is not stopped automatically; the cause is investigated.
答案: B · 恢复呼吸,同时不引起剧烈疼痛和戒断反应
大剂量推注可突然逆转镇痛,引起剧烈疼痛、躁动、高血压、肺水肿和心律失常。滴定小剂量可恢复足够的呼吸。因为纳洛酮的作用可能比阿片类药物短,可能需要监测并重复给药或持续输注。
答案: A · 加速胎儿肺成熟
产前使用皮质类固醇可增加表面活性物质的生成,减少早产儿的呼吸窘迫综合征及其他并发症。宫缩抑制剂用于延缓分娩,通常是为了争取时间让类固醇发挥作用。
答案: D · Acknowledge her grief; tests may find a cause
The nurse acknowledges her grief, avoids blame and explains that investigations such as a post-mortem and placental examination may help find a cause, although often none is found.
答案: D · Until all the blisters have crusted over
Chickenpox is contagious from about 1–2 days before the rash until all lesions have crusted, usually about 5 days after the rash appears. Children stay home from school or nursery until then.
答案: C · Orbital cellulitis, which needs urgent review and IV antibiotics
Painful eye movements, reduced vision or proptosis with eyelid swelling suggest orbital cellulitis, which can spread to the brain. The child needs urgent assessment, imaging if indicated and IV antibiotics.
答案: B · 约 2 至 4 天(48 至 96 小时)
典型的时间:震颤和焦虑从约 6–24 小时开始,戒断性惊厥从约 12–48 小时开始,震颤谵妄从约 48–96 小时开始。时间因人而异。
答案: C · 对可确认身份者的风险必须告知团队,并可能需要依照法律和政策披露,以保护该人
对可确认身份者的严重威胁高于保密原则。护士应告知团队,记录该威胁,并遵循法律和政策规定的程序来保护该人。
答案: x = 5.2 mL
取整:看舍入位后面的那个数字:5 或更大则进位,4 或更小则保持原数字不变。只对最终答案取整,绝不对中间步骤取整。典型的考试规则:1 mL 或以上的体积取到十分位,低于 1 mL 的体积取到百分位,滴速取整到整滴,体重取到一位小数;务必遵循题目所规定的规则。
答案: t = 7.08 h
24 小时制:下午 1 点起,小时数加 12(下午 3:45 = 15:45)。午夜到凌晨 12:59 为 00:00–00:59,中午 12:00–12:59 仍为 12:00–12:59。反过来换算时,13–23 点减 12 并标为下午;00 点变为凌晨 12 点。跨午夜计算时间要分两段:先算到 24:00(00:00),再从 00:00 算起。
答案: V = 2.2 mL
抽取剂量:体积 = (处方剂量/药物浓度) × 药物体积。先换算成相同的单位,再检查该体积是否适合注射器,并落在它的某一个刻度上。
在这支 10 mL 的注射器上,每条小刻度线代表 0.2 mL。
答案: V = 0.38 mL
抽取剂量:体积 = (处方剂量/药物浓度) × 药物体积。先换算成相同的单位,再检查该体积是否适合注射器,并落在它的某一个刻度上。
在这支 1 mL 的注射器上,每条小刻度线代表 0.01 mL。
答案: R = 125 gtt/min
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
使用微滴输液器(60 gtt/mL)时,gtt/min 等于 mL/h。
答案: Δ = 18.22 %
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
许多医院允许在不重开医嘱的情况下进行不超过 25% 的此类调整;请查阅本院规定。
答案: B = −310 mL
出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
为负:患者丢失的液体多于摄入的液体。
答案: t = 6 h
输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
约为 6 h 00 min,所以袋子大约在 18:00 输完。
答案: 重度
格拉斯哥昏迷量表:把三个方面的最佳反应相加。睁眼 E:4 自发,3 对声音或言语,2 对压迫,1 无。言语 V:5 定向正常,4 意识模糊,3 用词不恰当,2 发出无法理解的声音,1 无。运动 M:6 遵嘱动作,5 定位,4 正常屈曲(回缩),3 异常屈曲,2 伸展,1 无。总分为 3 至 15。头部损伤后,13–15 通常称为轻度,9–12 为中度,3–8 为重度。
答案: 中度风险
Morse 跌倒评分:六个条目。跌倒史:否 0 分,是 25 分。次要诊断:否 0 分,是 15 分。行走辅助:无、卧床休息或护士协助 0 分;拐杖、手杖或助行器 15 分;扶着家具 30 分。静脉输液或封管:否 0 分,是 20 分。步态:正常、卧床休息或轮椅 0 分;虚弱 10 分;受损 20 分。精神状态:了解自身局限 0 分;高估或忘记自身局限 15 分。总分为 0 至 125。各医院的风险分界值不同;常用的一套是 0–24 低风险,25–44 中度风险,45 及以上为高风险。
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