NCLEX-PN 风格练习题(LPN/LVN):速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 34 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。

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1公式与方法

感染控制与患者安全

方法

  1. 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
  2. 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
  3. 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
  4. 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
  5. 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。

优先排序与委派

方法

  1. 问自己:如果什么都不做,什么会最快伤害患者。
  2. 应用 ABC(心脏骤停时为 C-A-B),然后是 Maslow 需求层次:生理需要先于安全,安全先于心理需要。
  3. 比较各选项:急性先于慢性,不稳定先于稳定,意外先于预期,全身性先于局部,并将每项发现与患者的基线对照。
  4. 除非是紧急情况,否则先评估再行动;然后选择其他步骤所依赖的那一步。
  5. 委派时核对五项正确:任务、情境、人员、指示和监督。评估、宣教和评价仍由注册护士负责。

实验室检查值与电解质

方法

  1. 把数值与本实验室自己的参考范围比较,再与患者的基线和趋势比较。
  2. 检查标本:溶血、延迟,或在静脉输液附近采血都可能得出错误结果。
  3. 把数值与其典型体征以及引起它的药物和疾病联系起来。
  4. 注意相互作用:低钾或低镁会增加地高辛中毒的风险;脱水会使锂浓度升高。
  5. 对患者采取行动:评估,血药浓度不安全时暂停用药,复述危急值并通知开医嘱的医生。

内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

方法

  1. 说出问题所在:泵衰竭、动脉阻塞、节律、血栓、气道狭窄、感染或设备问题。
  2. 先检查危险征象:低氧、低血压、胸痛、新出现的意识模糊、冰冷无脉搏的肢体。
  3. 让氧疗与患者相匹配:大多数人为 94–98%,有 CO₂ 潴留风险者为 88–92%。
  4. 把每种药物与其检测和风险联系起来:华法林与 INR,肝素与 aPTT 和血小板,利尿剂与血钾。
  5. 选择安全的第一步措施,然后升级处理并重新评估。

内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

方法

  1. 对每位新出现意识模糊、乏力或癫痫发作的患者都检查血糖。
  2. 把意识水平作为脑部问题最早的警示;瞳孔变化和库欣三联征出现得较晚。
  3. 对于糖尿病急症,要区分 DKA(酮体、酸中毒)和 HHS(渗透压很高、脱水);先补液。
  4. 对于钠和水,要判断是 ADH 过多(SIADH)还是缺乏(尿崩症),并缓慢纠正慢性变化。
  5. 对于肾脏问题,把原因分为肾前性、肾性或肾后性,并监测血钾和液体。

内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

方法

  1. 想一想可能隐藏着什么:内出血、无发热的感染、SpO₂ 正常背后的通气不足。
  2. 利用术后的时间来缩小并发症的范围:出血在数小时内,胸部问题在数天内,伤口和吻合口漏出现得更晚。
  3. 对于疼痛,要评估、用多模式镇痛治疗、重新评估,并且在每次使用阿片类药物时监测镇静程度。
  4. 对于癌症患者,把低谷期的任何疾病都当作中性粒细胞减少性脓毒症处理,并了解肿瘤急症。
  5. 对于烧伤,只计算浅二度/深二度和三度的面积,从烧伤的时刻开始计算 Parkland 时间,并根据尿量调整。

产科护理

方法

  1. 把产妇放在时间轴上定位:孕周、产程阶段或产后第几天,再判断此时什么是正常的。
  2. 找出处于危险中的对象:母亲、胎儿或新生儿,或者其中不止一个。
  3. 把发现与其原因联系起来:减速用 VEAL CHOP,出血用四个 T,产后用 BUBBLE-HE。
  4. 优先选择改善血流和氧合的措施(侧卧、停用缩宫素、宫底按摩),然后再升级处理。

儿科护理

方法

  1. 先记下患儿的年龄:它决定正常生命体征、发育里程碑和合适的疼痛量表。
  2. 评估气道、呼吸和循环,记住儿童代偿很久之后会迅速恶化。
  3. 让措施与发育阶段相匹配,并让家属参与。
  4. 检查答案对儿童是否安全:按体重计算,病毒感染不用阿司匹林,12 岁以下不用可待因。

精神科护理

方法

  1. 判断是否存在即时风险:自杀、暴力、药物急症或躯体疾病。
  2. 先保障安全:观察、移除危险物品、缓和局面、停用有害药物、寻求帮助。
  3. 选择治疗性回应:承认感受、陈述现实,避免虚假的安慰和“为什么”式提问。
  4. 尊重权利:采用限制最少的方案,知情同意,以及保密及其限度。

护理数学与单位换算

公制进位
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
体重和长度
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
家用计量
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
温度
°C = (°F − 32)·5/9, °F = °C·9/5 + 32
24 小时制
PM 1–11 点:加 12; 12 AM = 00:xx; 12 PM = 12:xx
给药速率
mcg/min × 60/1000 = mg/h
实验室换算系数
葡萄糖 1 mmol/L = 18 mg/dL; 肌酐 1 mg/dL = 88.4 µmol/L; Hb 1 g/dL = 10 g/L

方法

  1. 写出已知量及其单位,以及你想要的单位。
  2. 选定等量关系:kg、g、mg 和 mcg 之间,或 L 和 mL 之间为 1000;1 kg = 2.2 lb;1 tsp = 5 mL,1 tbsp = 15 mL,1 fl oz = 30 mL,1 cup = 240 mL。
  3. 写成分数,使不需要的单位相互约去;对于速率,每个变化的单位用一个分数。
  4. 检查方向:单位越小,数字越大。
  5. 只对最终答案取整,精度按题目所述。

剂量计算

由浓度计算剂量
体积 = 剂量 / 浓度
按体重给药
剂量 = mg/kg × 体重
片剂
片数 = 剂量 / 每片规格
单位
1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg

方法

  1. 把医嘱剂量和药品规格换算为同一单位。
  2. 用“需要量除以现有量再乘以数量”:(D/H) × Q。
  3. 按体重给药时,先乘以以 kg 计的体重,再用日剂量除以给药次数。
  4. 先估算,再检查答案是否合理。

静脉输液速度

泵速
mL/h = volume (mL)/time (h)
滴速
drops/min = volume (mL) × drop factor / time (min)
输注时间
time (h) = volume (mL)/rate (mL/h)

方法

  1. 泵速 mL/h:体积除以以小时计的时间。
  2. 滴速 drops/min:体积 × 滴系数,再除以以分钟计的时间。
  3. 剩余时间:剩余体积除以速率。
  4. 按题目或设备的要求取整。

静脉输液与液体平衡

Holliday–Segar 每小时量
4 mL/kg(前 10 kg)+ 2 mL/kg(次 10 kg)+ 1 mL/kg(20 kg 以上每 kg)
Holliday–Segar 每日量
相同分段分别为 100 / 50 / 20 mL/kg
液体平衡
入量 − 出量
冰屑
按其体积的一半计算
尿量
mL/kg/h = mL / (kg × h)
输注时间
时间 (h) = 剩余体积 (mL) / 速率 (mL/h)
已输入体积
mL = 速率 × 时间

临床评估评分

格拉斯哥昏迷量表
GCS = E (1–4) + V (1–5) + M (1–6) = 3–15
Apgar
5 项体征 × 0–2 = 0–10; 7–10 令人放心, 4–6 中度异常, 0–3 低
Braden 量表
5 × (1–4) + 1 × (1–3) = 6–23; ≤ 18 有风险
Morse 跌倒评分
跌倒 25, 诊断 15, 辅助 15/30, 静脉输液 20, 步态 10/20, 精神状态 15
NEWS2 风险
0–4 低; 单项 3 分为中低; 5–6 中; ≥ 7 高
平均动脉压
MAP = (SBP + 2·DBP)/3 = DBP + PP/3
脉压和休克指数
PP = SBP − DBP, SI = HR/SBP
体质指数
BMI = kg/m² = 703·lb/in²

方法

  1. 找出题目使用的评分表及其范围(GCS 3–15,Apgar 0–10,Braden 6–23,Morse 0–125)。
  2. 分别为每个条目评分,将描述与其对应的等级匹配。
  3. 把各条目得分相加,并检查总分是否在范围内。
  4. 应用分界值:对于 NEWS2,还要查看是否有单项参数得 3 分。
  5. 对于导出的数值,使用 MAP = (SBP + 2·DBP)/3,PP = SBP − DBP,SI = HR/SBP,BMI = kg/m²。

2练习题

1.护理学基础中等

如何测量毛细血管再充盈时间?

  1. A在腕部计数脉搏 15 秒
  2. B在心电监护仪上测量两次心跳之间的时间,并与桡动脉脉搏比较
  3. C用光照射眼睛并观察瞳孔
  4. D按压皮肤约 5 秒,松开后计时看颜色多久恢复
2.护理学基础困难

A urine culture reports a mixed growth of several organisms. What is the most likely explanation?

  1. AThe sample was contaminated during collection
  2. BThe patient is resistant to all antibiotics
  3. CThe laboratory used the wrong test
  4. DThe patient has several serious infections at once
3.感染控制与患者安全中等

How should a portable oxygen cylinder be kept in a patient’s room?

  1. ALying loose on the floor beside the bed
  2. BPlaced next to a heater to keep it warm
  3. CSecured upright in a stand or holder
  4. DLaid on the bed next to the patient
4.感染控制与患者安全困难

Which position is especially dangerous for a patient in physical restraints?

  1. ALying on the back with the head raised
  2. BLying face down (prone)
  3. CLying on the side
  4. DSitting upright in bed
5.优先排序与委派中等

A patient coughs hard after abdominal surgery, and loops of bowel appear through the opened wound. What does the nurse do first?

  1. ACover the wound with sterile dressings moistened with saline
  2. BLeave the wound uncovered so the surgeon can see it on arrival
  3. CHelp the patient walk to the toilet to relieve abdominal pressure
  4. DPush the bowel gently back into the abdomen with a gloved hand
6.优先排序与委派困难

Which finding most suggests a tension pneumothorax rather than a simple pneumothorax?

  1. AMild breathlessness with reduced breath sounds on one side of the chest only
  2. BA small air leak seen on a routine chest X-ray
  3. CTrachea shifted away from the affected side, with low blood pressure
  4. DSharp chest pain that is worse on deep breathing
7.临床护理中等

A nurse suspects that an older patient is being financially abused by a relative. What should the nurse do?

  1. AKeep it secret because it is a family matter
  2. BWait until the patient has been discharged
  3. CRaise the concern through the local safeguarding (adult protection) procedure
  4. DConfront the relative directly at the bedside about it
8.临床护理困难

A patient's hypoglycaemia was caused by a sulfonylurea such as gliclazide or glipizide. Why might they need monitoring for longer than usual?

  1. ASulfonylureas act for a long time, so hypoglycaemia can recur
  2. BThe drug makes glucose tablets and drinks ineffective
  3. CThe drug causes rebound hyperglycaemia later the same day
  4. DSulfonylureas only work at night
9.实验室检查值与电解质中等

A patient taking spironolactone asks about using a salt substitute. What should the nurse explain?

  1. ASalt substitutes are fine as long as the patient drinks more water
  2. BMost salt substitutes contain potassium and can raise the level too high
  3. CSalt substitutes protect against the potassium loss caused by this drug
  4. DSalt substitutes are safe because they contain only sodium chloride
10.实验室检查值与电解质困难

A stable patient's hemoglobin has been 13–14 g/dL for days. Today's result is 8.2 g/dL, but the patient feels well, the vital signs are normal and there is no bleeding. What should the nurse suspect first?

  1. AA sample taken from the wrong patient
  2. BSudden massive internal bleeding
  3. CAcute bone marrow failure overnight
  4. DA normal day-to-day variation in Hb
11.药理学中等

Which adverse effect is a well-known risk of zidovudine?

  1. ABone marrow suppression, especially anaemia
  2. BOrange-red colouring of the urine and tears
  3. CRed–green colour blindness
  4. DGum overgrowth
12.药理学困难

Why is the TPMT enzyme often tested before azathioprine is started?

  1. AHigh TPMT activity causes an allergic reaction to azathioprine
  2. BLow TPMT activity causes toxic levels and marrow suppression
  3. CTPMT testing shows whether the patient has tuberculosis
  4. DTPMT is needed to absorb azathioprine from the gut
13.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸中等

How can a patient reduce wound pain when coughing after abdominal surgery?

  1. ALie flat on the back with the legs straight
  2. BHold the breath for as long as possible
  3. CAvoid coughing completely until all the stitches are removed
  4. DHold a pillow firmly against the wound while coughing
14.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸困难

Four hours after abdominal surgery, a patient's heart rate has risen from 84 to 122/min and they are restless and pale. BP is still 118/76 mmHg, and the surgical drain is filling with blood. What should the nurse conclude?

  1. AThe drain is working well, so no action is needed
  2. BEarly haemorrhagic shock is likely, so escalate urgently
  3. CThe patient is stable because the blood pressure is normal
  4. DThe tachycardia is from pain and needs only analgesia
15.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏中等

一名 SIADH 患者血钠 126 mmol/L,症状轻微。通常的一线治疗是什么?

  1. A额外口服水
  2. B限制液体
  3. C去氨加压素
  4. D静脉输注 5% 葡萄糖
16.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏困难

A patient's potassium is 7.1 mmol/L, and the ECG shows peaked T waves and broad QRS complexes. What is the first treatment?

  1. AOral potassium binder
  2. BIV furosemide
  3. CIV calcium gluconate
  4. DOral sodium bicarbonate
17.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤中等

Why are antibody levels checked after a healthcare worker receives the hepatitis B vaccine?

  1. ATo check whether they caught hepatitis B from the vaccine
  2. BTo measure liver damage caused by the vaccine
  3. CTo decide whether they need a liver biopsy
  4. DTo confirm that the vaccine produced immunity
18.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤困难

A patient is booked for a urea breath test for H. pylori. Which medicine should usually be stopped 2 weeks before the test?

  1. AOmeprazole
  2. BParacetamol (acetaminophen)
  3. CAmlodipine
  4. DLevothyroxine
19.产科护理中等

Which placental hormone causes insulin resistance in the second half of pregnancy?

  1. AOxytocin
  2. BRelaxin
  3. CHuman placental lactogen (hPL)
  4. DHuman chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG)
20.产科护理困难

A healthy newborn is jittery. Which finding helps tell jitteriness from a seizure?

  1. AJitteriness stops when the limb is gently held
  2. BSeizures stop when the limb is held
  3. CJitteriness comes with eye deviation and apnoea
  4. DSeizures are always triggered by loud sounds
21.儿科护理中等

What is the main purpose of medical play with a doll and real equipment before surgery?

  1. ATo test the child's intelligence
  2. BTo let the child express fears and gain a sense of control
  3. CTo keep the child busy so the nurse can do other work
  4. DTo teach the child how the surgeons will do the operation
22.儿科护理困难

在脑室腹腔分流术后的儿童中,哪项发现需要立即跟进?

  1. A沿分流管走行的已愈合瘢痕
  2. B阀门上方一个没有变化的小而软的隆起
  3. C头痛、反复呕吐和嗜睡加重
  4. D食欲和玩耍正常
23.精神科护理中等

A young person who took LSD at a festival is frightened by what he is seeing. What is the most helpful nursing approach?

  1. AShine a bright light in his eyes every few minutes to check his pupils and keep him alert until it wears off
  2. BStay with him in a calm, quiet place and reassure him that the effects are from the drug and will pass
  3. CLeave him alone in a dark room so that he can sleep it off
  4. DArgue with him that what he sees is not real until he accepts it
24.精神科护理困难

一名神经性贪食患者的血清钾为 2.8 mmol/L。主要担忧是什么?

  1. A有体重增加的风险
  2. B肌力改善
  3. C食欲增加
  4. D有发生危及生命的心律失常的风险
25.护理数学与单位换算中等
94969810010210410635363738394041°F°C97.2 °F? °C

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一位患者的体温为 97.2 °F。用 °C = (°F − 32) × 5/9 把它换算为摄氏度T。取到一位小数。

97.2 °F
T = °C
26.护理数学与单位换算困难
121 µmol/L? mg/dL1 mg/dL = 88.4 µmol/L

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 血清肌酐结果为 121 µmol/L。按肌酐 1 mg/dL = 88.4 µmol/L,求以 mg/dL 表示的c。取到两位小数。

121 µmol/L1 mg/dL = 88.4 µmol/L
c = mg/dL
27.剂量计算中等
024681010 mL

一名体重 7 kg 的儿童按 20 mg/kg 处方用药。原液浓度为 20 mg/mL。请抽取剂量:应给多少体积 V?

7 kg20 mg/kg20 mg/mL
V = mL
28.剂量计算困难
32 kg114 cmBSA = √(h·w/3600)25 mg/m²D = ? mg

一名患者身高 114 cm,体重 32 kg。医嘱为 25 mg/m²。用 Mosteller 公式 BSA = √(身高 (cm) × 体重 (kg)/3600) 求剂量 D,以 mg 表示。

114 cm32 kg25 mg/m²
D = mg
29.静脉输液速度中等
500 mL10 gtt/mL2 h? gtt/min

用滴系数为 10 滴/mL 的输液器在 2 小时内输入 500 mL。求滴速 R(滴/分)。 取整到最接近的整数。

500 mL2 h10 gtt/mL
R = gtt/min
30.静脉输液速度困难
500 mg50 mL15 mL/h? mg/h

一袋液体在 50 mL 中含药 500 mg,以 15 mL/h 的速度输注。患者每小时获得多少毫克 D?

500 mg/50 mL15 mL/h
D = mg/h
31.静脉输液与液体平衡中等
入量出量12 小时班次果冻120 mL茶240 mL冰屑240 mL静脉输液60 mL/h × 12 h静脉抗生素2 × 50 mL尿液375 mL尿液200 mL

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 12 小时班次中的出入量。静脉输液在整个班次中按所示速率输注。求液体平衡 B = 入量 − 出量,以 mL 计(答案为负表示净丢失)。 冰屑按其体积的一半计。

果冻: 120 mL茶: 240 mL冰屑: 240 mL静脉输液: 60 mL/h × 12 h静脉抗生素: 2 × 50 mL尿液: 375 mL尿液: 200 mL
B = mL
32.静脉输液与液体平衡困难
500 mL→ 75 mL/h开始 16:00t总数​ = ? h150 mL/h × 2 h

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一份 500 mL 的输液于 16:00 开始以 150 mL/h 输注。2 小时后速率改为 75 mL/h,之后不再改变。从开始算起多少小时 t 后袋子会输完? 保留一位小数。

500 mL150 mL/h · 2 h75 mL/h
t = h
33.临床评估评分中等
轻度中度重度

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一位头部损伤后的练习患者呼唤时睁眼,只发出无法理解的声音,如呻吟,最佳运动反应表现为:手臂异常屈曲(去皮质姿势)。 算出 GCS 并据此对头部损伤分级。点击你的答案。

  1. 1轻度
  2. 2中度
  3. 3重度
34.临床评估评分困难
令人放心中度异常低

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一名练习用新生儿出生后 1 分钟时:全身皮肤粉红,心率 80 次/分,刺激时哭叫、咳嗽或打喷嚏,活动活跃,呼吸良好,哭声响亮。 为 Apgar 评分并点击该评分的解读。

  1. 1令人放心
  2. 2中度异常
  3. 3低

3溶液

1.护理学基础

答案: D · 按压皮肤约 5 秒,松开后计时看颜色多久恢复

为什么是这个答案

按压指尖或胸骨,松开后数秒数直到颜色恢复。时间延长提示外周灌注不良,例如休克或脱水时。

答案

D · 按压皮肤约 5 秒,松开后计时看颜色多久恢复
2.护理学基础

答案: A · The sample was contaminated during collection

为什么是这个答案

A mixed growth usually means skin or perineal bacteria contaminated the sample. A clean-catch midstream sample, or a sample from the catheter sampling port, gives a more reliable result.

答案

A · The sample was contaminated during collection
3.感染控制与患者安全

答案: C · Secured upright in a stand or holder

为什么是这个答案

Oxygen cylinders are under high pressure and can be damaged or cause injury if they fall. They are kept upright in a holder or cart, away from heat and flames.

答案

C · Secured upright in a stand or holder
4.感染控制与患者安全

答案: B · Lying face down (prone)

为什么是这个答案

Restraining a person face down can restrict breathing and has caused deaths from positional asphyxia. Restrained patients are positioned to protect the airway and are watched closely.

答案

B · Lying face down (prone)
5.优先排序与委派

答案: A · Cover the wound with sterile dressings moistened with saline

为什么是这个答案

Evisceration is a surgical emergency. The nurse covers the organs with sterile saline-moistened dressings, stays with the patient, positions them to reduce strain and calls the surgeon at once.

答案

A · Cover the wound with sterile dressings moistened with saline
6.优先排序与委派

答案: C · Trachea shifted away from the affected side, with low blood pressure

为什么是这个答案

In tension pneumothorax, trapped air pushes the mediastinum to the other side, reducing venous return and blood pressure. It is life-threatening and needs immediate decompression.

答案

C · Trachea shifted away from the affected side, with low blood pressure
7.临床护理

答案: C · Raise the concern through the local safeguarding (adult protection) procedure

为什么是这个答案

Financial abuse is a form of adult abuse. Nurses report concerns through safeguarding procedures, document facts accurately and involve the patient as appropriate.

答案

C · Raise the concern through the local safeguarding (adult protection) procedure
8.临床护理

答案: A · Sulfonylureas act for a long time, so hypoglycaemia can recur

为什么是这个答案

Sulfonylureas stimulate insulin release and have a long duration of action. Hypoglycaemia can be prolonged or recur, so glucose is monitored closely after treatment.

答案

A · Sulfonylureas act for a long time, so hypoglycaemia can recur
9.实验室检查值与电解质

答案: B · Most salt substitutes contain potassium and can raise the level too high

为什么是这个答案

Spironolactone blocks aldosterone, so the kidneys keep potassium. Many salt substitutes are made of potassium chloride, and combining them with spironolactone can cause dangerous hyperkalemia, especially with kidney disease or ACE inhibitors.核对依据: Spironolactone · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2018); High potassium level · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)

答案

B · Most salt substitutes contain potassium and can raise the level too high
10.实验室检查值与电解质

答案: A · A sample taken from the wrong patient

为什么是这个答案

A sudden large change with no clinical change suggests a specimen error, such as wrong blood in the tube or dilution with IV fluid. The nurse assesses the patient, informs the provider and arranges a repeat sample with careful identification, while staying alert for true bleeding.

答案

A · A sample taken from the wrong patient
11.药理学

答案: A · Bone marrow suppression, especially anaemia

为什么是这个答案

Zidovudine, a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, can cause anaemia and neutropenia. Blood counts are checked regularly during treatment.

答案

A · Bone marrow suppression, especially anaemia
12.药理学

答案: B · Low TPMT activity causes toxic levels and marrow suppression

为什么是这个答案

Thiopurine methyltransferase helps inactivate azathioprine and mercaptopurine. People with low or absent TPMT activity need much lower doses or another drug to avoid life-threatening myelosuppression.

答案

B · Low TPMT activity causes toxic levels and marrow suppression
13.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

答案: D · Hold a pillow firmly against the wound while coughing

为什么是这个答案

Splinting the incision with a pillow or folded towel supports the wound, reduces pain and makes effective coughing easier. Combined with good analgesia and deep breathing, this helps clear secretions and prevents atelectasis and pneumonia.

答案

D · Hold a pillow firmly against the wound while coughing
14.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

答案: B · Early haemorrhagic shock is likely, so escalate urgently

为什么是这个答案

Rising heart rate, restlessness, pallor and visible bleeding are signs of compensated haemorrhagic shock. Waiting for hypotension delays treatment. The nurse escalates urgently, gives oxygen, ensures IV access and anticipates bloods, fluids or blood products and surgical review.

答案

B · Early haemorrhagic shock is likely, so escalate urgently
15.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

答案: B · 限制液体

为什么是这个答案

在 SIADH 中,机体潴留水分。对轻至中度病例,一线治疗是限制液体,并治疗病因。低渗液体和去氨加压素会使血钠进一步降低。严重症状(惊厥、意识下降)需要在监护环境下使用高渗盐水。

答案

B · 限制液体
16.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

答案: C · IV calcium gluconate

为什么是这个答案

ECG changes mean the heart is at risk. IV calcium is given first to stabilise the myocardium, followed by insulin with glucose (and often nebulised salbutamol) to shift potassium into cells. Binders or dialysis then remove it.

答案

C · IV calcium gluconate
17.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

答案: D · To confirm that the vaccine produced immunity

为什么是这个答案

Some people do not develop protective anti-HBs antibodies after vaccination. Testing identifies non-responders, who may need further doses and advice after exposures.

答案

D · To confirm that the vaccine produced immunity
18.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

答案: A · Omeprazole

为什么是这个答案

PPIs suppress H. pylori and can give false-negative breath or stool tests, so they are usually stopped 2 weeks before. Antibiotics are usually stopped 4 weeks before testing.

答案

A · Omeprazole
19.产科护理

答案: C · Human placental lactogen (hPL)

为什么是这个答案

Human placental lactogen, together with other placental hormones, reduces maternal insulin sensitivity so more glucose is available to the fetus. This is why gestational diabetes usually appears in the second half of pregnancy.

答案

C · Human placental lactogen (hPL)
20.产科护理

答案: A · Jitteriness stops when the limb is gently held

为什么是这个答案

Jitteriness is a rhythmic tremor that is stimulus-sensitive and stops when the limb is held or flexed. Seizures continue when restrained and may include eye deviation, apnoea or lip smacking. Glucose and calcium are checked in both.

答案

A · Jitteriness stops when the limb is gently held
21.儿科护理

答案: B · To let the child express fears and gain a sense of control

为什么是这个答案

Therapeutic or medical play lets children explore equipment, act out procedures and show feelings they cannot put into words. It reduces anxiety and helps staff correct misunderstandings.

答案

B · To let the child express fears and gain a sense of control
22.儿科护理

答案: C · 头痛、反复呕吐和嗜睡加重

为什么是这个答案

头痛、呕吐、易激惹和嗜睡提示分流管堵塞或感染导致颅内压升高。在婴儿中,囟门膨隆和头围增大也是征象。

答案

C · 头痛、反复呕吐和嗜睡加重
23.精神科护理

答案: B · Stay with him in a calm, quiet place and reassure him that the effects are from the drug and will pass

为什么是这个答案

For a frightening hallucinogen experience, a calm setting, a supportive person and simple reassurance usually help. The nurse also monitors vital signs and watches for injury or other substances.

答案

B · Stay with him in a calm, quiet place and reassure him that the effects are from the drug and will pass
24.精神科护理

答案: D · 有发生危及生命的心律失常的风险

为什么是这个答案

反复呕吐会导致低钾血症和代谢性碱中毒。钾 2.8 mmol/L 低得危险,可引起心律失常。患者需要心电监护,并按处方补钾。

答案

D · 有发生危及生命的心律失常的风险
25.护理数学与单位换算

答案: T = 36.2 °C

温度:°C = (°F − 32) × 5/9,°F = °C × 9/5 + 32。从 °F 换算时先减 32 再乘,从 °C 换算时先乘再加 32。快速核对:37 °C 为 98.6 °F,每 1 °C 相当于 1.8 °F。

减去 32

97.2 − 32 = 65.2

乘以 5/9

T = 65.2·5/9 = 36.22 ≈ 36.2 °C

答案

T = 36.2 °C
26.护理数学与单位换算

答案: c = 1.37 mg/dL

量纲分析:先写出已知量,再乘以写成分数形式的换算系数(例如 60 min/1 h 或 1 mg/1000 mcg),使每个不需要的单位在分子和分母各出现一次并相互约去。只剩下所求单位时再计算。使用题目给出的等量关系,只对最终答案取整。

转换

c = 121/88.4 = 1.369 ≈ 1.37 mg/dL

答案

c = 1.37 mg/dL
27.剂量计算

答案: V = 7 mL

抽取剂量:体积 = (处方剂量/药物浓度) × 药物体积。先换算成相同的单位,再检查该体积是否适合注射器,并落在它的某一个刻度上。

按体重计算剂量

D = 20·7 = 140 mg

体积

V = 140/20 = 7 mL

在注射器上

在这支 10 mL 的注射器上,每条小刻度线代表 0.2 mL。

答案

V = 7 mL
28.剂量计算

答案: D = 25.17 mg

Body-surface-area dosing: many cytotoxic and some paediatric doses are prescribed per square metre of body surface area: dose (mg) = dose per m² × BSA (m²). The Mosteller formula estimates BSA = √(height (cm) × weight (kg)/3600).

体表面积

BSA = √(114·32/3600) = √1.013 = 1.007 m²

剂量

D = 25·1.007 = 25.17 mg

答案

D = 25.17 mg
29.静脉输液速度

答案: R = 42 gtt/min

输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。

以分钟计的时间

2·60 = 120 min

滴速

R = 500·10/120 = 41.67 ≈ 42 gtt/min

答案

R = 42 gtt/min

床旁取最接近的整滴:42 滴/分。

30.静脉输液速度

答案: D = 150 mg/h

输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。

浓度

500/50 = 10 mg/mL

给药速率

D = 10·15 = 150 mg/h

答案

D = 150 mg/h
31.静脉输液与液体平衡

答案: B = 725 mL

出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。

总入量

口服: 120 + 240 = 360 mL
冰屑: 240/2 = 120 mL
静脉输液: 60·12 = 720 mL
静脉抗生素: 2·50 = 100 mL
总入量 = 1300 mL

总出量

375 + 200 = 575 mL

平衡

B = 1300 − 575 = 725 mL

答案

B = 725 mL

为正:摄入的液体多于排出的液体。

32.静脉输液与液体平衡

答案: t = 4.7 h

输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。

第一部分

150·2 = 300 mL
500 − 300 = 200 mL 剩余

第二部分

200/75 = 2.667 h

总时间

t = 2 + 2.667 = 4.667 ≈ 4.7 h

答案

t = 4.7 h

约为 4 h 40 min,所以袋子大约在 20:40 输完。

33.临床评估评分

答案: 重度

格拉斯哥昏迷量表:把三个方面的最佳反应相加。睁眼 E:4 自发,3 对声音或言语,2 对压迫,1 无。言语 V:5 定向正常,4 意识模糊,3 用词不恰当,2 发出无法理解的声音,1 无。运动 M:6 遵嘱动作,5 定位,4 正常屈曲(回缩),3 异常屈曲,2 伸展,1 无。总分为 3 至 15。头部损伤后,13–15 通常称为轻度,9–12 为中度,3–8 为重度。

为每个方面评分

E: 呼唤时睁眼 → 3
V: 只发出无法理解的声音,如呻吟 → 2
M: 手臂异常屈曲(去皮质姿势) → 3

相加

GCS = 3 + 2 + 3 = 8

严重程度

GCS 8 → 重度

答案

重度
34.临床评估评分

答案: 令人放心

Apgar 评分:五项体征,每项评 0、1 或 2 分,在出生后 1 分钟和 5 分钟检查。外观(肤色):青紫或苍白 0 分,躯干粉红、四肢青紫 1 分,全身粉红 2 分。脉搏:无 0 分,低于 100 次/分 1 分,100 次/分或以上 2 分。反射(反射应激性):无 0 分,做鬼脸 1 分,哭叫、咳嗽或打喷嚏 2 分。肌张力(活动):松软 0 分,略有屈曲 1 分,活动活跃 2 分。呼吸:无 0 分,缓慢或不规则、哭声微弱 1 分,良好、哭声响亮 2 分。总分 7–10 为令人放心,4–6 为中度异常,0–3 为低。

为每项体征评分

外观: 全身皮肤粉红 → 2
脉搏: 80/min → 1
反射: 刺激时哭叫、咳嗽或打喷嚏 → 2
活动: 活动活跃 → 2
呼吸: 呼吸良好,哭声响亮 → 2

相加

APGAR = 2 + 1 + 2 + 2 + 2 = 9

解读

9 → 令人放心

答案

令人放心

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