感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 34 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
How long should each pass of oropharyngeal or tracheal suction usually last?
At the start of a shift, which task should the nurse do first?
A family member will visit a patient on contact precautions. What should the nurse do?
A patient rescued from a house fire has a headache and confusion, but the pulse oximeter reads 99%. Why might this reading be misleading?
A patient’s urinary catheter has drained no urine for two hours, and the lower abdomen is swollen. What should the nurse do first?
A patient is deteriorating quickly. The nurse has called the provider twice, but the provider has not come. What is the best action?
一名 2 型糖尿病患者急性起病,严重脱水,血糖 40 mmol/L,但没有明显的酮体。最可能的诊断是什么?
A patient with poorly controlled hyperthyroidism develops a high fever, very fast heart rate, agitation and vomiting during an infection. What is likely?
Why must a blue-top (citrate) coagulation tube be filled to the correct level?
A patient with blood pressure that is hard to control has a potassium of 2.9 mEq/L, a sodium of 144 mEq/L and a raised serum bicarbonate, without taking a diuretic. Which condition is most likely?
A malnourished patient with alcohol dependence needs IV glucose. Which vitamin should be given before or with it?
某药分布容积为 40 L,生物利用度为 100%。要达到 2 mg/L 的目标血浆浓度,负荷剂量应为多少?
A patient with an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator asks what to do if it fires. Which teaching is correct?
A patient with small-cell lung cancer becomes confused. Sodium is 122 mmol/L (122 mEq/L) with concentrated urine, and there are no signs of dehydration. What is the most likely cause?
Which picture fits anterior cord syndrome?
A drowsy patient's glucose meter shows "HI". What should the nurse do?
What is the main treatment for a venous leg ulcer with an adequate arterial supply?
哪条安全规则适用于长春新碱?
When the newborn's head is turned to one side, the arm on that side extends and the other arm flexes. Which reflex is this?
A preterm baby is being prepared for discharge. Which statement by the parents shows understanding of kangaroo (skin-to-skin) care?
Which activity best supports a 9-year-old during a long hospital stay?
Two children with cystic fibrosis are admitted to the same ward. Which precaution is important?
Which criteria are needed for a diagnosis of intellectual disability?
出院前一天,一名抑郁症患者说:“很快我终于可以安息了,不会再拖累任何人。”护士应怎么做?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一次小剂量注射的计算得到 0.98362 mL。 本练习的规则是:低于 1 mL 的体积取到最接近的百分之一 mL。你记录的数值x是多少?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一个班次中,患者摄入了2 fl oz / 果汁, 4 tbsp / 液体营养补充剂, 2 tsp / 止咳糖浆, 3 杯 / 茶。按给出的等量关系,求以 mL 表示的口服总摄入量V。
一名体重 25 kg 的儿童按 10 mg/kg 处方用药。原液浓度为 50 mg/mL。请抽取剂量:应给多少体积 V?
一名体重 8 kg 的儿童,医嘱为口服混悬液每次 5 mg/kg,该混悬液每 5 mL 含 250 mg。你应给多少体积 V?
医嘱要求以 150 mL/h 输液,但没有输液泵。改用滴系数为 20 gtt/mL 的输液器重力滴注。求滴速 R,以每分钟滴数表示。
一袋中含有 1 g 药物,溶于 500 mL。医嘱为每分钟 0.5 mg。泵速 R 应设为多少 mL/h?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 12 小时班次中的出入量。患者体重 96 kg。求平均尿量 U,以 mL/kg/h 计。 保留两位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一份 500 mL 的输液于 10:00 开始以 80 mL/h 输注。3 小时后速率改为 125 mL/h,之后不再改变。从开始算起多少小时 t 后袋子会输完? 保留一位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 用 Braden 量表评估一位练习患者:感觉知觉: 非常受限; 潮湿程度: 持续潮湿; 活动: 偶尔步行; 活动能力: 非常受限; 营养: 非常差; 摩擦力和剪切力: 潜在问题。求 Braden 总分B。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 对这些观察结果使用 NEWS2 图表(SpO₂ 量表 1):呼吸频率 8 次/分,SpO₂ 98%正在补充吸氧,血压 110/66 mmHg,脉搏 50 次/分,清醒,体温 36.2 °C。患者属于哪个临床风险组?点击它。
答案: C · No more than about 10–15 seconds
Suction removes oxygen as well as secretions. Keeping passes short, oxygenating as needed and watching SpO₂ reduces hypoxia and airway trauma.
答案: A · Give the first IV antibiotic dose to a patient with suspected sepsis
In sepsis antibiotics are time-critical, and every hour of delay increases the risk of death. Routine tasks are done afterwards.
答案: A · Show them how to use the gown and gloves and how to clean their hands
Visitors are taught how to put on and remove PPE as required by the policy and how to perform hand hygiene, so they protect themselves and other patients.
答案: A · Pulse oximetry cannot tell carbon monoxide-bound hemoglobin from oxygen-bound hemoglobin
Standard pulse oximeters read carboxyhemoglobin as oxyhemoglobin, so SpO2 can look normal in carbon monoxide poisoning. A blood carboxyhemoglobin level confirms it, and high-flow oxygen is given.
答案: C · Check the tubing for kinks or obstruction
Sudden lack of drainage with a full bladder usually means a kinked or blocked catheter. The nurse checks the tubing and position first, then follows the policy for irrigation or replacement.
答案: C · Activate the rapid response team
Nurses can call the rapid response team directly when a patient is deteriorating. The nurse also informs the charge nurse and follows the chain of command about the provider’s lack of response.
答案: C · 高渗性高血糖状态
HHS 通常发生在 2 型糖尿病患者中。它在数天内逐渐发展,表现为极度高血糖、脱水和高渗透压,但酮症很轻。
答案: C · Thyroid storm
Thyroid storm is a life-threatening worsening of hyperthyroidism, often triggered by infection or surgery. It needs urgent treatment with cooling, beta-blockade and antithyroid drugs.
答案: D · The blood-to-anticoagulant ratio must be right for accurate clotting times
Citrate tubes contain a set volume of anticoagulant. If the tube is underfilled, the extra citrate falsely prolongs the PT and aPTT, so the laboratory may reject the sample.
答案: C · Primary hyperaldosteronism
Excess aldosterone causes sodium and water retention (hypertension), potassium loss (hypokalemia) and hydrogen ion loss (metabolic alkalosis). Adrenal insufficiency causes the opposite pattern, with low sodium and high potassium.核对依据: Primary and secondary hyperaldosteronism · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025); Alkalosis · StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf) (2024)
答案: D · Thiamine (vitamin B1)
Giving glucose without thiamine to a thiamine-deficient patient can trigger or worsen Wernicke's encephalopathy. Thiamine is therefore given before or alongside glucose.
答案: B · 80 mg
负荷剂量 = 40 L × 2 mg/L = 80 mg。负荷剂量取决于 Vd,而维持剂量取决于清除率。
答案: D · One shock and well: contact the device clinic; repeated shocks or unwell: call emergency services
A single shock with full recovery usually needs a call to the device team. Several shocks in a short time, or a shock with chest pain, breathlessness or collapse, needs emergency help. Patients should not drive themselves after a shock.
答案: C · Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion
Small-cell lung cancer can secrete ADH, causing water retention and dilutional hyponatraemia (normal sodium about 135–145 mmol/L). Urine is inappropriately concentrated and the patient is not dry. Fluid restriction and treating the cancer are the main measures; sodium is corrected slowly to avoid osmotic demyelination.
答案: A · Loss of movement and pain sense, with position sense kept
Anterior cord syndrome usually follows damage to the anterior spinal artery. Motor, pain and temperature pathways are lost below the injury, but the dorsal columns (fine touch, vibration and proprioception) at the back are spared.
答案: B · Treat it as very high, check ketones and escalate
"HI" means the glucose is above the meter's upper range. In a drowsy patient this may be DKA or HHS. A laboratory glucose, ketones, observations and urgent medical review are needed.
答案: A · Compression therapy
Graduated compression reduces venous hypertension and oedema and speeds healing. Leg elevation, exercise and treating the underlying vein disease also help.
答案: B · 绝不能鞘内给药;以小袋装供静脉专用
鞘内注射长春新碱几乎总是致命的。为防止给药途径错误,它被稀释在小袋中供静脉使用,标注“仅供静脉使用,其他途径给药可致命”,并与鞘内药物分开存放。
答案: D · Tonic neck reflex
The asymmetric tonic neck reflex gives a "fencing" posture. It fades over the first months; persistence beyond the expected age can suggest neurological problems.
答案: B · "Holding her on my bare chest keeps her warm."
Kangaroo care places the baby in a nappy against the parent's bare chest. It stabilises temperature, heart rate and breathing, supports breastfeeding and bonding, and is beneficial for preterm babies.
答案: B · Schoolwork and contact with classmates, plus games or hobbies
School-age children need to feel competent and connected. Hospital school, contact with friends and age-appropriate games, crafts and collections support Erikson's task of industry and reduce feelings of isolation.
答案: D · Keep them apart, not sharing rooms, equipment or play areas
People with CF can pass bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Burkholderia cepacia to each other, worsening lung disease. Children with CF are kept apart in hospital and clinics, and equipment is not shared.
答案: B · Limits in both intellectual and adaptive functioning, starting in childhood
Intellectual disability requires limitations in intellectual functions and in adaptive functioning, such as communication, self-care and social skills, starting in childhood. Severity is based mainly on adaptive functioning.
答案: B · 直接询问她是否在想自杀,并在出院前告知团队
关于安息或成为负担的言论可能提示自杀意图。护士应直接询问,评估风险并告知团队,出院可能需要重新考虑。
答案: x = 0.98 mL
取整:看舍入位后面的那个数字:5 或更大则进位,4 或更小则保持原数字不变。只对最终答案取整,绝不对中间步骤取整。典型的考试规则:1 mL 或以上的体积取到十分位,低于 1 mL 的体积取到百分位,滴速取整到整滴,体重取到一位小数;务必遵循题目所规定的规则。
答案: V = 850 mL
家用计量和体重:护理考试使用取整的等量关系:1 茶匙(tsp)= 5 mL,1 汤匙(tbsp)= 15 mL = 3 tsp,1 液量盎司(fl oz)= 30 mL = 2 tbsp,1 杯 = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重方面,1 kg = 2.2 lb,1 lb = 16 oz;长度方面,1 英寸 = 2.54 cm。设置换算时,要让你不需要的单位相互约去。
答案: V = 5 mL
抽取剂量:体积 = (处方剂量/药物浓度) × 药物体积。先换算成相同的单位,再检查该体积是否适合注射器,并落在它的某一个刻度上。
在这支 10 mL 的注射器上,每条小刻度线代表 0.2 mL。
答案: V = 0.8 mL
剂量计算:给药量等于医嘱剂量除以现有药物的规格,再乘以该规格对应的量:给药量 = (医嘱剂量/储备规格) × 储备体积。始终统一单位(先把 g 换成 mg,mg 换成 mcg),并检查答案是否合理。
答案: R = 50 gtt/min
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
答案: R = 15 mL/h
Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).
答案: U = 0.87 mL/kg/h
出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: t = 5.1 h
输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
约为 5 h 05 min,所以袋子大约在 15:05 输完。
答案: B = 11
Braden 量表:评估压力性损伤风险的六个分项。感觉知觉、潮湿程度、活动、活动能力和营养各评 1 至 4 分,从最差水平(1)到无问题(4);摩擦力和剪切力评 1 至 3 分。总分为 6 至 23,总分越低风险越高。常用分级:19–23 无风险,15–18 轻度风险,13–14 中度风险,10–12 高风险,9 分及以下为极高风险。
答案: 高
NEWS2(国家早期预警评分 2,英国皇家内科医师学会 2017):按图表为七个参数分别评分(呼吸频率、量表 1 的 SpO₂、吸空气还是吸氧、收缩压、脉搏、按 ACVPU 量表评定的意识状态和体温),然后把分数相加。临床风险:0–4 为低;任何单项参数得 3 分为中低;5–6 为中;7 或以上为高。总分 5 或以上需要紧急响应。
总分 5 或以上需要紧急的临床响应。
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