感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 34 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
While wearing sterile gloves, where should the nurse keep their hands?
An 86-year-old has new confusion and a temperature of 37.1 °C. Why should infection still be considered?
两名感染同一种病原体的患者入院,没有可用的单人间。下列哪项是可接受的做法?
A patient was harmed by a medication error and asks the nurse what happened. Which approach is best?
A patient receiving chemotherapy has a temperature of 38.3 °C and a very low neutrophil count. What should the nurse do?
A patient with anorexia nervosa is admitted. Which finding is the priority?
A patient is receiving IV fluids for several days. Which monitoring is essential?
一名气管切开患者突然无法呼吸,套管似乎堵塞。第一步该做什么?
A patient taking empagliflozin (an SGLT2 inhibitor) has glucose in the urine but a normal blood glucose. What is the best interpretation?
A health care worker's hepatitis B tests show: HBsAg negative, anti-HBs positive, anti-HBc positive. What does this mean?
硝酸甘油(GTN)如何缓解心绞痛?
An older patient who has taken omeprazole for many years has muscle cramps, tremor and an irregular heartbeat. Which lab finding is most likely linked to the drug?
Which skin changes around the ankles are typical of chronic venous insufficiency?
一名 COPD 患者将带着长期氧疗回家。哪项宣教要点对安全最重要?
一名 AKI 患者的导尿管没有任何尿液引出。哪项快速床旁检查有助于排除肾后性原因?
A nurse teaches a carer to give buccal midazolam for prolonged seizures. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
Why is the time a surgical limb tourniquet is inflated carefully recorded?
一名烧伤面积占体表 35% 的患者正在进入高代谢期。哪种营养方案最恰当?
On day 2, a newborn has red blotches with small yellow-white centres on the trunk. The baby is well. What is most likely?
一名妊娠 33 周、阴道鲜红色出血的女性入院,怀疑前置胎盘。护士应对哪项医嘱提出质疑?
Which signs suggest meningitis in a young infant?
A child on chemotherapy for leukaemia was in close contact with a classmate who has chickenpox. What should the nurse do?
氯氮平的哪项副作用可能危及生命,却常被忽视?
A 20-year-old recovering from a first episode of psychosis smokes cannabis every day. What should the nurse include in teaching?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一个剂量记录在 11:20 PM。哪个条目是 24 小时制中的同一时间?点击它。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 血红蛋白结果为 170 g/L。请用 g/dL 表示Hb。
一个药瓶中含有 2 g 的粉末。标签上写着:加入 9.2 mL 注射用水,得到总容量 10 mL。医嘱为 240 mg。你应给予复溶后溶液的多少容量 V?
处方剂量为 1.4 mg。安瓿每 mL 含 4000 微克。请用 1 mL 注射器抽取剂量:应给多少体积 V?
用滴系数为 20 滴/mL 的输液器在 6 小时内输入 1500 mL。求滴速 R(滴/分)。 取整到最接近的整数。
一袋中含有 2 g 药物,溶于 500 mL。医嘱为每分钟 2 mg。泵速 R 应设为多少 mL/h?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 8 小时班次中的出入量。静脉输液在整个班次中按所示速率输注。求总入量 I,以 mL 计。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一份 1000 mL 的输液于 08:00 开始以 75 mL/h 输注。3 小时后速率改为 150 mL/h,之后不再改变。从开始算起多少小时 t 后袋子会输完? 保留一位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 用 Morse 跌倒评分评估一位练习患者:过去 3 个月内的跌倒史: 否; 次要诊断: 否; 行走辅助: 拐杖、手杖或助行器; 静脉输液或封管: 是; 步态: 正常、卧床休息或轮椅; 精神状态: 了解自身局限。求 Morse 总分MFS。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一名成人体重 115 kg,身高 164 cm。计算 BMI 并点击 WHO 体重分类。
答案: B · Above waist level and in sight
Sterile hands are kept in front of the body, above the waist and within sight, so accidental contamination is noticed. The edge of the field is not sterile.
答案: B · Older adults often have a weaker fever response to infection
Older adults may not mount a fever, and infection can show up as confusion, falls or reduced eating instead. A normal temperature does not rule out infection in this group.
答案: C · 根据感染控制建议,将他们安置在同一房间(集中隔离)
单人间不足时,感染同一种病原体(且无其他感染)的患者可以同住一室(集中隔离),并继续执行预防措施。感染控制人员会对此提供建议。
答案: D · Be honest that an error occurred and involve the provider and team in disclosure per policy
Open, honest disclosure of errors is an ethical duty and part of a safety culture. The nurse follows policy, which usually involves the provider and risk team, and does not hide or blame.
答案: D · Report it at once, because cultures and antibiotics are needed quickly
Neutropenic fever is a medical emergency. The patient may have few other signs of infection, so the nurse reports it immediately so that cultures can be taken and IV antibiotics started.
答案: C · Heart rate 38/min and potassium 2.8 mEq/L
Severe bradycardia and low potassium can cause fatal arrhythmias. The body-image beliefs and eating behaviors matter, but physiological safety comes first.
答案: A · Fluid balance, regular weights and urea, creatinine and electrolytes
IV fluids can cause overload or electrolyte imbalance. Fluid balance charts, weight, clinical assessment and blood tests guide the prescription.
答案: B · 取出内套管,检查是否堵塞
按急救流程,首先取出内套管、尝试吸痰并呼救。若无效,下一步包括放气囊和更换套管。
答案: C · An expected effect of the drug
SGLT2 inhibitors block glucose reabsorption in the proximal tubule, so glycosuria is expected even with normal blood glucose. Urine glucose cannot be used to monitor control in these patients. The drugs also raise the risk of genital infections and DKA.核对依据: Ketones blood test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答案: D · Past infection that has resolved, with immunity
The vaccine contains only surface antigen, so vaccination produces anti-HBs alone. A positive anti-HBc shows past or current infection; with HBsAg negative and anti-HBs positive, the infection has cleared and the person is immune.核对依据: Hepatitis Testing · MedlinePlus (NIH)
答案: C · 它释放一氧化氮,主要扩张静脉并减轻心脏负荷
GTN 转化为一氧化氮,通过 cGMP 使血管平滑肌松弛。静脉扩张降低前负荷,心脏做功减少,耗氧量降低。
答案: B · Low serum magnesium
Long-term PPI use can cause hypomagnesaemia, which leads to cramps, tremor and arrhythmias. Other long-term risks include fractures, vitamin B12 deficiency and C. difficile infection.
答案: C · Brown staining, swelling and dry, itchy skin
High venous pressure causes oedema and leakage of red cells, depositing haemosiderin (brown staining), with venous eczema and lipodermatosclerosis. Pale, shiny, hairless skin suggests arterial disease. Venous ulcers often form above the medial malleolus.
答案: C · 绝不吸烟,也不要让明火靠近氧气
吸氧时吸烟是烧伤和致命火灾的主要原因。患者必须使氧气远离火焰和热源,使用水溶性(而非油性)润滑剂,并遵循处方流量,因为无人监督地增加流量可使 CO₂ 潴留加重。
答案: A · 检查导尿管有无扭曲或堵塞,并做膀胱扫描
导尿管堵塞或扭曲,或膀胱膨胀,可以引起或模拟无尿。检查管路、在允许时冲洗或更换导尿管,以及做膀胱扫描,可迅速发现梗阻。肾脏超声用于寻找肾积水等更上方的梗阻。
答案: A · "I will put something between his teeth so he does not bite his tongue."
Nothing should ever be put between the teeth during a seizure. Buccal midazolam is given between the gum and cheek, so the mouth does not need to be forced open. Timing the seizure and following the emergency care plan are correct.
答案: A · Long inflation can cause nerve and muscle damage
A tourniquet creates a bloodless field but causes limb ischaemia. Inflation time and pressure are recorded and the surgeon is told at set intervals, as long inflation can damage nerves and muscle.
答案: C · 早期肠内营养,高能量、高蛋白
大面积烧伤导致持续的高代谢、分解代谢状态,伴肌肉丢失。早期肠内营养(常在 24 小时内)提供高能量和高蛋白以及微量营养素,可支持伤口愈合和免疫,并有助于保护肠屏障。应监测体重和摄入量。
答案: D · Erythema toxicum
Erythema toxicum is a common, benign rash that appears in the first days and resolves without treatment. A well baby with a typical rash needs only reassurance, but blistering or an unwell baby needs review.
答案: A · 进行宫颈指诊以评估扩张程度
在超声排除前置胎盘之前应避免阴道指诊,因为它可能引发严重出血。其他医嘱都是合适的。
答案: D · A bulging fontanelle, a high-pitched cry, poor feeding and irritability
Young infants with meningitis may have non-specific signs: fever or low temperature, poor feeding, lethargy or irritability, a high-pitched cry and a bulging fontanelle. Neck stiffness is often absent at this age.
答案: D · Tell the oncology team at once, as preventive treatment may be needed
In immunosuppressed children, chickenpox can cause severe pneumonia, hepatitis and encephalitis. After exposure, the team may give varicella-zoster immunoglobulin or antivirals. Live varicella vaccine is not given during chemotherapy.
答案: B · 严重便秘导致肠梗阻
氯氮平引起的胃肠动力减退可导致肠麻痹和肠穿孔。应定期询问排便习惯,并尽早治疗便秘。
答案: C · Cannabis use increases the risk of psychotic symptoms returning
Cannabis, especially high-potency forms, is linked to a higher risk of psychosis and to relapse in people who have had a psychotic episode. A non-judgemental discussion and support to cut down are part of relapse prevention.
答案: 23:20
24 小时制:下午 1 点起,小时数加 12(下午 3:45 = 15:45)。午夜到凌晨 12:59 为 00:00–00:59,中午 12:00–12:59 仍为 12:00–12:59。反过来换算时,13–23 点减 12 并标为下午;00 点变为凌晨 12 点。跨午夜计算时间要分两段:先算到 24:00(00:00),再从 00:00 算起。
答案: Hb = 17 g/dL
量纲分析:先写出已知量,再乘以写成分数形式的换算系数(例如 60 min/1 h 或 1 mg/1000 mcg),使每个不需要的单位在分子和分母各出现一次并相互约去。只剩下所求单位时再计算。使用题目给出的等量关系,只对最终答案取整。
答案: V = 1.2 mL
Dose calculation: the amount to give equals what is prescribed divided by what you have, times the quantity it comes in: amount = (desired dose/stock strength) × stock volume. Always keep the units the same (convert g to mg, mg to mcg first) and check that the answer is sensible.
答案: V = 0.35 mL
抽取剂量:体积 = (处方剂量/药物浓度) × 药物体积。先换算成相同的单位,再检查该体积是否适合注射器,并落在它的某一个刻度上。
答案: R = 83 gtt/min
输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。
床旁取最接近的整滴:83 滴/分。
答案: R = 30 mL/h
Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).
答案: I = 1250 mL
出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: t = 8.2 h
输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
约为 8 h 10 min,所以袋子大约在 16:10 输完。
答案: MFS = 35
Morse 跌倒评分:六个条目。跌倒史:否 0 分,是 25 分。次要诊断:否 0 分,是 15 分。行走辅助:无、卧床休息或护士协助 0 分;拐杖、手杖或助行器 15 分;扶着家具 30 分。静脉输液或封管:否 0 分,是 20 分。步态:正常、卧床休息或轮椅 0 分;虚弱 10 分;受损 20 分。精神状态:了解自身局限 0 分;高估或忘记自身局限 15 分。总分为 0 至 125。各医院的风险分界值不同;常用的一套是 0–24 低风险,25–44 中度风险,45 及以上为高风险。
答案: 肥胖 III 级
体质指数:BMI = 体重(kg)/身高(m)²,身高要先换算为米。使用磅和英寸时,BMI = 703 × 体重(lb)/身高(in)²。WHO 成人分类:低于 18.5 为体重过轻,18.5–24.9 为健康体重,25.0–29.9 为超重,30.0–34.9 为肥胖 I 级,35.0–39.9 为肥胖 II 级,40 及以上为肥胖 III 级。
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