NCLEX-PN 风格练习题(LPN/LVN):速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 34 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。

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1公式与方法

感染控制与患者安全

方法

  1. 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
  2. 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
  3. 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
  4. 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
  5. 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。

优先排序与委派

方法

  1. 问自己:如果什么都不做,什么会最快伤害患者。
  2. 应用 ABC(心脏骤停时为 C-A-B),然后是 Maslow 需求层次:生理需要先于安全,安全先于心理需要。
  3. 比较各选项:急性先于慢性,不稳定先于稳定,意外先于预期,全身性先于局部,并将每项发现与患者的基线对照。
  4. 除非是紧急情况,否则先评估再行动;然后选择其他步骤所依赖的那一步。
  5. 委派时核对五项正确:任务、情境、人员、指示和监督。评估、宣教和评价仍由注册护士负责。

实验室检查值与电解质

方法

  1. 把数值与本实验室自己的参考范围比较,再与患者的基线和趋势比较。
  2. 检查标本:溶血、延迟,或在静脉输液附近采血都可能得出错误结果。
  3. 把数值与其典型体征以及引起它的药物和疾病联系起来。
  4. 注意相互作用:低钾或低镁会增加地高辛中毒的风险;脱水会使锂浓度升高。
  5. 对患者采取行动:评估,血药浓度不安全时暂停用药,复述危急值并通知开医嘱的医生。

内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

方法

  1. 说出问题所在:泵衰竭、动脉阻塞、节律、血栓、气道狭窄、感染或设备问题。
  2. 先检查危险征象:低氧、低血压、胸痛、新出现的意识模糊、冰冷无脉搏的肢体。
  3. 让氧疗与患者相匹配:大多数人为 94–98%,有 CO₂ 潴留风险者为 88–92%。
  4. 把每种药物与其检测和风险联系起来:华法林与 INR,肝素与 aPTT 和血小板,利尿剂与血钾。
  5. 选择安全的第一步措施,然后升级处理并重新评估。

内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

方法

  1. 对每位新出现意识模糊、乏力或癫痫发作的患者都检查血糖。
  2. 把意识水平作为脑部问题最早的警示;瞳孔变化和库欣三联征出现得较晚。
  3. 对于糖尿病急症,要区分 DKA(酮体、酸中毒)和 HHS(渗透压很高、脱水);先补液。
  4. 对于钠和水,要判断是 ADH 过多(SIADH)还是缺乏(尿崩症),并缓慢纠正慢性变化。
  5. 对于肾脏问题,把原因分为肾前性、肾性或肾后性,并监测血钾和液体。

内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

方法

  1. 想一想可能隐藏着什么:内出血、无发热的感染、SpO₂ 正常背后的通气不足。
  2. 利用术后的时间来缩小并发症的范围:出血在数小时内,胸部问题在数天内,伤口和吻合口漏出现得更晚。
  3. 对于疼痛,要评估、用多模式镇痛治疗、重新评估,并且在每次使用阿片类药物时监测镇静程度。
  4. 对于癌症患者,把低谷期的任何疾病都当作中性粒细胞减少性脓毒症处理,并了解肿瘤急症。
  5. 对于烧伤,只计算浅二度/深二度和三度的面积,从烧伤的时刻开始计算 Parkland 时间,并根据尿量调整。

产科护理

方法

  1. 把产妇放在时间轴上定位:孕周、产程阶段或产后第几天,再判断此时什么是正常的。
  2. 找出处于危险中的对象:母亲、胎儿或新生儿,或者其中不止一个。
  3. 把发现与其原因联系起来:减速用 VEAL CHOP,出血用四个 T,产后用 BUBBLE-HE。
  4. 优先选择改善血流和氧合的措施(侧卧、停用缩宫素、宫底按摩),然后再升级处理。

儿科护理

方法

  1. 先记下患儿的年龄:它决定正常生命体征、发育里程碑和合适的疼痛量表。
  2. 评估气道、呼吸和循环,记住儿童代偿很久之后会迅速恶化。
  3. 让措施与发育阶段相匹配,并让家属参与。
  4. 检查答案对儿童是否安全:按体重计算,病毒感染不用阿司匹林,12 岁以下不用可待因。

精神科护理

方法

  1. 判断是否存在即时风险:自杀、暴力、药物急症或躯体疾病。
  2. 先保障安全:观察、移除危险物品、缓和局面、停用有害药物、寻求帮助。
  3. 选择治疗性回应:承认感受、陈述现实,避免虚假的安慰和“为什么”式提问。
  4. 尊重权利:采用限制最少的方案,知情同意,以及保密及其限度。

护理数学与单位换算

公制进位
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
体重和长度
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
家用计量
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
温度
°C = (°F − 32)·5/9, °F = °C·9/5 + 32
24 小时制
PM 1–11 点:加 12; 12 AM = 00:xx; 12 PM = 12:xx
给药速率
mcg/min × 60/1000 = mg/h
实验室换算系数
葡萄糖 1 mmol/L = 18 mg/dL; 肌酐 1 mg/dL = 88.4 µmol/L; Hb 1 g/dL = 10 g/L

方法

  1. 写出已知量及其单位,以及你想要的单位。
  2. 选定等量关系:kg、g、mg 和 mcg 之间,或 L 和 mL 之间为 1000;1 kg = 2.2 lb;1 tsp = 5 mL,1 tbsp = 15 mL,1 fl oz = 30 mL,1 cup = 240 mL。
  3. 写成分数,使不需要的单位相互约去;对于速率,每个变化的单位用一个分数。
  4. 检查方向:单位越小,数字越大。
  5. 只对最终答案取整,精度按题目所述。

剂量计算

由浓度计算剂量
体积 = 剂量 / 浓度
按体重给药
剂量 = mg/kg × 体重
片剂
片数 = 剂量 / 每片规格
单位
1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg

方法

  1. 把医嘱剂量和药品规格换算为同一单位。
  2. 用“需要量除以现有量再乘以数量”:(D/H) × Q。
  3. 按体重给药时,先乘以以 kg 计的体重,再用日剂量除以给药次数。
  4. 先估算,再检查答案是否合理。

静脉输液速度

泵速
mL/h = volume (mL)/time (h)
滴速
drops/min = volume (mL) × drop factor / time (min)
输注时间
time (h) = volume (mL)/rate (mL/h)

方法

  1. 泵速 mL/h:体积除以以小时计的时间。
  2. 滴速 drops/min:体积 × 滴系数,再除以以分钟计的时间。
  3. 剩余时间:剩余体积除以速率。
  4. 按题目或设备的要求取整。

静脉输液与液体平衡

Holliday–Segar 每小时量
4 mL/kg(前 10 kg)+ 2 mL/kg(次 10 kg)+ 1 mL/kg(20 kg 以上每 kg)
Holliday–Segar 每日量
相同分段分别为 100 / 50 / 20 mL/kg
液体平衡
入量 − 出量
冰屑
按其体积的一半计算
尿量
mL/kg/h = mL / (kg × h)
输注时间
时间 (h) = 剩余体积 (mL) / 速率 (mL/h)
已输入体积
mL = 速率 × 时间

临床评估评分

格拉斯哥昏迷量表
GCS = E (1–4) + V (1–5) + M (1–6) = 3–15
Apgar
5 项体征 × 0–2 = 0–10; 7–10 令人放心, 4–6 中度异常, 0–3 低
Braden 量表
5 × (1–4) + 1 × (1–3) = 6–23; ≤ 18 有风险
Morse 跌倒评分
跌倒 25, 诊断 15, 辅助 15/30, 静脉输液 20, 步态 10/20, 精神状态 15
NEWS2 风险
0–4 低; 单项 3 分为中低; 5–6 中; ≥ 7 高
平均动脉压
MAP = (SBP + 2·DBP)/3 = DBP + PP/3
脉压和休克指数
PP = SBP − DBP, SI = HR/SBP
体质指数
BMI = kg/m² = 703·lb/in²

方法

  1. 找出题目使用的评分表及其范围(GCS 3–15,Apgar 0–10,Braden 6–23,Morse 0–125)。
  2. 分别为每个条目评分,将描述与其对应的等级匹配。
  3. 把各条目得分相加,并检查总分是否在范围内。
  4. 应用分界值:对于 NEWS2,还要查看是否有单项参数得 3 分。
  5. 对于导出的数值,使用 MAP = (SBP + 2·DBP)/3,PP = SBP − DBP,SI = HR/SBP,BMI = kg/m²。

2练习题

1.护理学基础中等

A patient tells the nurse about abuse and asks them to keep it a secret. What should the nurse say?

  1. AThat they promise to keep it secret, so the patient keeps trusting them
  2. BThat they cannot listen to this and the patient should tell a doctor
  3. CThat they will tell everyone on the ward so the patient is safe
  4. DThat they cannot promise secrecy if someone is at risk of harm
2.护理学基础困难

A patient's notes record a penicillin allergy with a rash. The new prescription is for amoxicillin. What should the nurse do?

  1. AGive half the dose and watch for a rash
  2. BWithhold it and contact the prescriber, as amoxicillin is a penicillin
  3. CGive the dose, as amoxicillin is a different drug from penicillin itself
  4. DGive an antihistamine first, then the amoxicillin
3.感染控制与患者安全中等

下列哪种脱手套的方法是正确的?

  1. A用指尖同时拉下两只手套
  2. B清洗戴着手套的手,并把手套用于下一项操作
  3. C先捏住第一只手套的外面将其剥下,再把裸露的手指伸到第二只手套的袖口下
  4. D用裸手捏住第二只手套的外面将其脱下,然后洗手
4.感染控制与患者安全困难

A nurse asks a colleague to “just glance” at an insulin infusion before starting it. What makes a check truly independent?

  1. AThe second nurse checks the order, drug, dose and pump settings separately without being told the answer
  2. BThe second nurse signs the record after the infusion has already been started by the first
  3. CThe second nurse looks at the bag label from the doorway
  4. DThe first nurse reads the details aloud and the second agrees
5.优先排序与委派中等

Which patient should the RN see first after receiving a report from the night nurse?

  1. ADay 1 after bowel surgery, new chest pain and heart rate 110/min
  2. BDay 4 after bowel surgery, waiting for discharge teaching
  3. CDay 2 after bowel surgery, asking to start a soft diet
  4. DDay 3 after bowel surgery, wants a shower and hair wash before breakfast
6.优先排序与委派困难

护士应首先关注哪位患者?

  1. A一名已知有偏头痛的患者,头痛与平时相似
  2. B一名长期高血压患者,血压 158/94 mmHg,无症状
  3. C一名慢性背痛患者,要求热敷袋
  4. D一名患者说这是“我一生中最严重的头痛”,突然发作,血压 170/100 mmHg
7.临床护理中等

甲状腺手术后,一名患者口周麻刺感并有肌肉痉挛。应怀疑哪种电解质问题?

  1. A高镁血症
  2. B低钙血症
  3. C高钾血症
  4. D高钠血症
8.临床护理困难

After a viral illness, a patient has sharp chest pain that is worse lying flat and eased by sitting forward. What is the most likely cause?

  1. AStable angina
  2. BPericarditis
  3. CAortic dissection
  4. DPulmonary oedema
9.实验室检查值与电解质中等

Two sets of blood cultures are ordered for a patient with suspected sepsis. How are they best collected?

  1. AFrom two separate venipuncture sites, using strict aseptic technique
  2. BBoth from the same site, one minute apart, to save time for the patient
  3. CFrom the existing IV line while the infusion continues to run
  4. DAfter the first antibiotic dose, so the infusion is not delayed
10.实验室检查值与电解质困难

A patient has a continuous heparin infusion for a pulmonary embolism. A new nurse plans to adjust the infusion using today's INR of 1.1. What should the experienced nurse explain?

  1. AHeparin is adjusted using the aPTT or anti-Xa level, not the INR
  2. BHeparin needs no laboratory monitoring once the infusion is started
  3. CThe INR of 1.1 means the heparin rate must be doubled at once
  4. DThe INR is the correct test, and 1.1 means heparin is therapeutic
11.药理学中等

A prescriber gives a verbal medication order in an emergency. What should the nurse do?

  1. AAsk another nurse to remember the order
  2. BWrite it down and read it back to the prescriber to confirm
  3. CGive the drug without recording the order
  4. DRemember it and write it in the chart at the end of the shift
12.药理学困难

一名最近开始服用氟哌啶醇的患者出现高热、"铅管样"肌强直、意识混乱和肌酸激酶极度升高。最可能的诊断是什么?

  1. A麻醉引起的恶性高热
  2. B神经阻滞剂恶性综合征
  3. C急性肌张力障碍
  4. D5-羟色胺综合征
13.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸中等

Why must anti-embolism stockings be measured and fitted correctly?

  1. ACorrect fit is needed only to improve the appearance
  2. BPoorly fitting stockings can cause pressure damage
  3. CLoose stockings make the patient's legs too warm at night
  4. DTight stockings work better, so the smallest size is always best
14.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸困难

为什么高流量氧疗要使用湿化?

  1. A湿化的气体每升携带的氧气比干燥气体多
  2. B水蒸气可滤除氧气供应中的细菌
  3. C湿化可防止氧中毒的发生
  4. D高流量的干燥气体会使气道干燥,分泌物变稠
15.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏中等

Why are tacrolimus blood levels checked regularly?

  1. AThe levels show whether the patient has diabetes
  2. BThe drug only works if levels are as high as possible
  3. CToo high harms the kidney; too low risks rejection
  4. DThe levels show how much urine the kidney is making
16.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏困难

凌晨 03:00 一名患者的血糖为 3.6 mmol/L,但早餐前血糖偏高。该患者晚上使用长效胰岛素。护士应怎么做?

  1. A处理低血糖,并报告这一规律,以便复核晚间剂量
  2. B忽略夜间读数,只根据早晨的数值处理
  3. C永久停用所有胰岛素,并每四小时监测血糖
  4. D03:00 额外给胰岛素,因为早晨的数值会偏高
17.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤中等

Which initial treatment is usual for symptomatic hypercalcaemia of malignancy?

  1. AA high-calcium diet with extra milk
  2. BOral calcium tablets and vitamin D
  3. CFluid restriction and a thiazide diuretic
  4. DIV fluids followed by an IV bisphosphonate
18.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤困难

Which preoperative task can a registered nurse usually delegate to a healthcare assistant (nursing assistant)?

  1. ATeaching the patient how to use a PCA pump
  2. BRecording baseline vital signs
  3. CDeciding whether abnormal results need reporting
  4. DAssessing the patient's understanding of the surgery
19.产科护理中等

Why is the hearing of newborns screened before discharge or soon after birth?

  1. AIt detects congenital heart disease
  2. BEarly support improves language development
  3. CIt is required before vitamin K can be given
  4. DHearing loss can be cured with a single injection
20.产科护理困难

A newborn in the first hours sneezes, has a high-pitched cry, tremors and loose stools. The mother took opioids throughout pregnancy. Which intervention is most appropriate first?

  1. AA quiet, dim room, swaddling and small, frequent feeds
  2. BGiving naloxone to reverse the opioids
  3. CWithholding feeds until the symptoms settle
  4. DBright lights and frequent handling to keep the baby awake
21.儿科护理中等

A child with a myelomeningocele has a neurogenic bladder. Which management is usual?

  1. AWaiting for bladder control to develop naturally
  2. BClean intermittent catheterisation
  3. CRestricting fluids to reduce urine volume
  4. DA permanent catheter left in place for life
22.儿科护理困难

The nurse has taught the parents of a child with epilepsy. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?

  1. A"I'll time the seizure and give the rescue medicine if it lasts too long."
  2. B"I'll put a spoon in his mouth so he doesn't bite or swallow his tongue."
  3. C"When the jerking stops, I'll turn him onto his side."
  4. D"I'll move hard objects away and put something soft under his head."
23.精神科护理中等

Which activity is most suitable for a patient in an acute manic episode?

  1. AA competitive team game of volleyball
  2. BA long group discussion in the day room
  3. CA walk with a staff member
  4. DA complicated board game such as chess with other patients
24.精神科护理困难

A patient with long-standing schizophrenia is often seen drinking from the taps. Today he is confused, has a headache and his serum sodium is 124 mmol/L (124 mEq/L). What is the most likely problem?

  1. AWater intoxication from psychogenic polydipsia
  2. BA worsening of his psychosis that needs a higher dose of antipsychotic
  3. CNeuroleptic malignant syndrome from his antipsychotic medicine
  4. DDehydration caused by anticholinergic side effects
25.护理数学与单位换算中等
94969810010210410635363738394041°F°C96.8 °F? °C

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一位患者的体温为 96.8 °F。用 °C = (°F − 32) × 5/9 把它换算为摄氏度T。取到一位小数。

96.8 °F
T = °C
26.护理数学与单位换算困难
00:0022:4006:05t = ?

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一次输注从 22:40 开始,到次日早晨 06:05 结束(24 小时制)。它运行了多少小时t?答案以小数表示小时数,取到两位小数。

22:4006:05
t = h
27.剂量计算中等
1:10 000安瓿V = ? mL

一支肾上腺素预充式注射器标示为 1:10 000(0.1 mg/mL)。医嘱为心脏骤停时 1 mg 静脉注射(IV)。你应给多少体积 V?

1:10 0001 mg
V = mL
28.剂量计算困难
25k 件1000 mL? mL/h1200 件/h

一袋输液在 1000 mL 中含 25000 单位药物。医嘱为每小时 1200 单位。泵速 R 应设为多少 mL/h?

25000 件/1000 mL1200 件/h
R = mL/h
29.静脉输液速度中等
250 mL10 gtt/mL5 h? gtt/min

用滴系数为 10 滴/mL 的输液器在 5 小时内输入 250 mL。求滴速 R(滴/分)。 取整到最接近的整数。

250 mL5 h10 gtt/mL
R = gtt/min
30.静脉输液速度困难
25 mg250 mL10 mL/h? mcg/min

25 mg 药物溶于 250 mL 的输液以 10 mL/h 运行。患者每分钟接受多少微克 D?

25 mg/250 mL10 mL/h
D = mcg/min
31.静脉输液与液体平衡中等
入量出量12 小时班次水150 mL果汁150 mL冰屑240 mL静脉输液50 mL/h × 12 h静脉抗生素2 × 50 mL尿液275 mL尿液300 mL伤口引流100 mL

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 12 小时班次中的出入量。静脉输液在整个班次中按所示速率输注。求总入量 I,以 mL 计。 冰屑按其体积的一半计。

水: 150 mL果汁: 150 mL冰屑: 240 mL静脉输液: 50 mL/h × 12 h静脉抗生素: 2 × 50 mL
I = mL
32.静脉输液与液体平衡困难
500 mL150 mL 已输入50 mL/h15:30t = ? h

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一袋 500 mL 的液体用输液泵以 50 mL/h 输注。到 15:30 时已输入 150 mL。还要多少小时 t 袋子才会输完? 保留一位小数。

500 mL150 mL 已输入50 mL/h
t = h
33.临床评估评分中等
7545SBPDBPmmHgHR 122/min · SI = ?

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一位患者的脉搏为 122 次/分,血压为 75/45 mmHg。求休克指数SI = HR/SBP。取到两位小数。

HR 122/minBP 75/45 mmHg
SI =
34.临床评估评分困难
体重过轻健康体重超重肥胖 I 级肥胖 II 级肥胖 III 级

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一名成人体重 56 kg,身高 172 cm。计算 BMI 并点击 WHO 体重分类。

56 kg172 cm
  1. 1体重过轻
  2. 2健康体重
  3. 3超重
  4. 4肥胖 I 级
  5. 5肥胖 II 级
  6. 6肥胖 III 级

3溶液

1.护理学基础

答案: D · That they cannot promise secrecy if someone is at risk of harm

为什么是这个答案

Nurses must not promise secrecy when there is a risk of harm. They listen, stay calm, explain what will happen, record the disclosure and follow safeguarding procedures.

答案

D · That they cannot promise secrecy if someone is at risk of harm
2.护理学基础

答案: B · Withhold it and contact the prescriber, as amoxicillin is a penicillin

为什么是这个答案

Amoxicillin is a penicillin and can cause the same allergic reaction, including anaphylaxis. The nurse withholds it and asks for an alternative.

答案

B · Withhold it and contact the prescriber, as amoxicillin is a penicillin
3.感染控制与患者安全

答案: C · 先捏住第一只手套的外面将其剥下,再把裸露的手指伸到第二只手套的袖口下

为什么是这个答案

手套外面是被污染的,所以只能接触另一只手套;裸手只能接触第二只手套的内面。随后进行手卫生。手套绝不能清洗后再次使用。

答案

C · 先捏住第一只手套的外面将其剥下,再把裸露的手指伸到第二只手套的袖口下
4.感染控制与患者安全

答案: A · The second nurse checks the order, drug, dose and pump settings separately without being told the answer

为什么是这个答案

In an independent double check, the second person works through each step on their own, then the two results are compared. Reading the answer aloud or glancing invites confirmation bias.

答案

A · The second nurse checks the order, drug, dose and pump settings separately without being told the answer
5.优先排序与委派

答案: A · Day 1 after bowel surgery, new chest pain and heart rate 110/min

为什么是这个答案

New chest pain and tachycardia after surgery could be a myocardial infarction or pulmonary embolism. This patient needs immediate assessment; the others have routine needs.

答案

A · Day 1 after bowel surgery, new chest pain and heart rate 110/min
6.优先排序与委派

答案: D · 一名患者说这是“我一生中最严重的头痛”,突然发作,血压 170/100 mmHg

为什么是这个答案

突发的剧烈“霹雳样”头痛可能意味着脑出血,如蛛网膜下腔出血,属于急症。其他患者的问题是已知的、稳定的,与其病史相符。

答案

D · 一名患者说这是“我一生中最严重的头痛”,突然发作,血压 170/100 mmHg
7.临床护理

答案: B · 低钙血症

为什么是这个答案

甲状旁腺损伤会使血钙降低,引起口周麻刺感、手足搐搦以及 Chvostek 征或 Trousseau 征阳性。

答案

B · 低钙血症
8.临床护理

答案: B · Pericarditis

为什么是这个答案

Pericarditis typically causes sharp, positional chest pain relieved by sitting forward, sometimes with a pericardial rub. Viral infection is a common cause.

答案

B · Pericarditis
9.实验室检查值与电解质

答案: A · From two separate venipuncture sites, using strict aseptic technique

为什么是这个答案

Taking cultures from two separate sites helps distinguish true bacteremia (growth in both sets) from skin contamination (growth in only one). The skin is cleaned carefully, the bottle tops are disinfected, and cultures are taken before antibiotics.

答案

A · From two separate venipuncture sites, using strict aseptic technique
10.实验室检查值与电解质

答案: A · Heparin is adjusted using the aPTT or anti-Xa level, not the INR

为什么是这个答案

Unfractionated heparin infusions are adjusted using the aPTT or anti-factor Xa level according to protocol. The INR monitors warfarin and is little affected by heparin at usual doses. Using the wrong test can cause under- or over-anticoagulation.核对依据: Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT) Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026); Prothrombin Time Test and INR (PT/INR) · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)

答案

A · Heparin is adjusted using the aPTT or anti-Xa level, not the INR
11.药理学

答案: B · Write it down and read it back to the prescriber to confirm

为什么是这个答案

Reading back the drug, dose, route and frequency confirms the order and catches errors. Verbal orders are documented immediately and signed by the prescriber according to policy.

答案

B · Write it down and read it back to the prescriber to confirm
12.药理学

答案: B · 神经阻滞剂恶性综合征

为什么是这个答案

神经阻滞剂恶性综合征发生在使用多巴胺拮抗剂之后,在数天内发展,表现为铅管样强直、发热和 CK 升高。5-羟色胺综合征发展更快,以阵挛和反射亢进为特征。

答案

B · 神经阻滞剂恶性综合征
13.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

答案: B · Poorly fitting stockings can cause pressure damage

为什么是这个答案

Stockings that are the wrong size or that roll down can act like a tourniquet and cause skin and pressure damage. They are measured to the leg, checked daily, and avoided in significant peripheral arterial disease, severe neuropathy or leg skin damage.

答案

B · Poorly fitting stockings can cause pressure damage
14.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

答案: D · 高流量的干燥气体会使气道干燥,分泌物变稠

为什么是这个答案

高流量干燥气体超出了鼻腔湿化的能力,导致黏膜干燥、分泌物变稠和不适。加温加湿的高流量系统可提高耐受性并帮助清除分泌物。

答案

D · 高流量的干燥气体会使气道干燥,分泌物变稠
15.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

答案: C · Too high harms the kidney; too low risks rejection

为什么是这个答案

Tacrolimus has a narrow therapeutic range and many interactions. High levels can cause nephrotoxicity, tremor and high glucose, while low levels risk rejection. Trough levels are taken before the morning dose.

答案

C · Too high harms the kidney; too low risks rejection
16.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

答案: A · 处理低血糖,并报告这一规律,以便复核晚间剂量

为什么是这个答案

夜间低血糖必须处理。夜间低血糖后早晨血糖偏高,可能是反跳(Somogyi 效应)或其他原因;无论哪种情况,晚间胰岛素方案都需要复核。夜间额外给胰岛素会使低血糖加重。

答案

A · 处理低血糖,并报告这一规律,以便复核晚间剂量
17.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

答案: D · IV fluids followed by an IV bisphosphonate

为什么是这个答案

Hypercalcaemia causes polyuria and dehydration, so IV saline is given first, then a bisphosphonate such as zoledronic acid to reduce bone resorption. Calcium, kidney function and symptoms are monitored.

答案

D · IV fluids followed by an IV bisphosphonate
18.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

答案: B · Recording baseline vital signs

为什么是这个答案

Trained assistants can record routine observations and report them. Assessment, teaching and interpreting results need registered nurse knowledge and judgement.

答案

B · Recording baseline vital signs
19.产科护理

答案: B · Early support improves language development

为什么是这个答案

Early detection of hearing loss allows hearing aids, cochlear implants or other support in the first months, which greatly improves language outcomes.

答案

B · Early support improves language development
20.产科护理

答案: A · A quiet, dim room, swaddling and small, frequent feeds

为什么是这个答案

Neonatal abstinence (withdrawal) is managed first with non-drug care: low stimulation, swaddling, skin-to-skin, responsive feeding and rooming-in. Medication is added if scores stay high. Naloxone can precipitate seizures.

答案

A · A quiet, dim room, swaddling and small, frequent feeds
21.儿科护理

答案: B · Clean intermittent catheterisation

为什么是这个答案

Damage to the spinal nerves causes a bladder that does not empty fully, risking infection and kidney damage. Clean intermittent catheterisation several times a day, taught to parents and later to the child, is the usual approach.

答案

B · Clean intermittent catheterisation
22.儿科护理

答案: B · "I'll put a spoon in his mouth so he doesn't bite or swallow his tongue."

为什么是这个答案

Putting objects in the mouth can break teeth, injure the mouth or block the airway; the tongue cannot be swallowed. Timing the seizure, protecting from injury and placing the child on the side afterwards are correct.

答案

B · "I'll put a spoon in his mouth so he doesn't bite or swallow his tongue."
23.精神科护理

答案: C · A walk with a staff member

为什么是这个答案

Solitary, non-competitive physical activity helps release energy safely. Competitive games, large groups and tasks requiring long concentration can increase agitation and conflict.

答案

C · A walk with a staff member
24.精神科护理

答案: A · Water intoxication from psychogenic polydipsia

为什么是这个答案

Some patients with chronic psychosis drink excessive water, which dilutes sodium and can cause confusion, seizures and coma. The nurse reports the result, monitors neurological status and follows orders for fluid restriction and regular weights.

答案

A · Water intoxication from psychogenic polydipsia
25.护理数学与单位换算

答案: T = 36 °C

温度:°C = (°F − 32) × 5/9,°F = °C × 9/5 + 32。从 °F 换算时先减 32 再乘,从 °C 换算时先乘再加 32。快速核对:37 °C 为 98.6 °F,每 1 °C 相当于 1.8 °F。

减去 32

96.8 − 32 = 64.8

乘以 5/9

T = 64.8·5/9 = 36 °C

答案

T = 36 °C
26.护理数学与单位换算

答案: t = 7.42 h

24 小时制:下午 1 点起,小时数加 12(下午 3:45 = 15:45)。午夜到凌晨 12:59 为 00:00–00:59,中午 12:00–12:59 仍为 12:00–12:59。反过来换算时,13–23 点减 12 并标为下午;00 点变为凌晨 12 点。跨午夜计算时间要分两段:先算到 24:00(00:00),再从 00:00 算起。

午夜之前

22:40 → 24:00 = 80 min

午夜之后

00:00 → 06:05 = 365 min

合计

80 + 365 = 445 min
t = 445/60 = 7.417 ≈ 7.42 h

答案

t = 7.42 h
27.剂量计算

答案: V = 10 mL

Solution strengths: a percentage strength is grams per 100 mL, so 1% = 1 g/100 mL = 10 mg/mL. A ratio strength 1:1000 means 1 g in 1000 mL = 1 mg/mL; 1:10 000 is 0.1 mg/mL. For a dilution the amount of drug stays the same: C₁·V₁ = C₂·V₂.

浓度

1:10 000 = 1 g/10000 mL = 0.1 mg/mL

体积

V = 1/0.1 = 10 mL

答案

V = 10 mL

美国的标签现在标示 mg/mL(1 mg/mL = 1:1000;0.1 mg/mL = 1:10 000)。切勿静脉推注 1 mg/mL 的肾上腺素。

28.剂量计算

答案: R = 48 mL/h

剂量计算:给药量等于医嘱剂量除以现有药物的规格,再乘以该规格对应的量:给药量 = (医嘱剂量/储备规格) × 储备体积。始终统一单位(先把 g 换成 mg,mg 换成 mcg),并检查答案是否合理。

浓度

25000/1000 = 25 件/mL

泵速

R = 1200/25 = 48 mL/h

答案

R = 48 mL/h
29.静脉输液速度

答案: R = 8 gtt/min

输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。

以分钟计的时间

5·60 = 300 min

滴速

R = 250·10/300 = 8.333 ≈ 8 gtt/min

答案

R = 8 gtt/min

床旁取最接近的整滴:8 滴/分。

30.静脉输液速度

答案: D = 16.67 mcg/min

Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).

浓度

25000 mcg/250 mL = 100 mcg/mL

每小时剂量

10·100 = 1000 mcg/h

每分钟剂量

D = 1000/60 = 16.67 mcg/min

答案

D = 16.67 mcg/min
31.静脉输液与液体平衡

答案: I = 1120 mL

出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。

计算入量

口服: 150 + 150 = 300 mL
冰屑: 240/2 = 120 mL
静脉输液: 50·12 = 600 mL
静脉抗生素: 2·50 = 100 mL
I = 1120 mL

答案

I = 1120 mL
32.静脉输液与液体平衡

答案: t = 7 h

输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。

剩余体积

500 − 150 = 350 mL

时间

t = 350/50 = 7 h

答案

t = 7 h

约为 7 h 00 min,所以袋子大约在 22:30 输完。

33.临床评估评分

答案: SI = 1.63

血压数值:脉压 PP = SBP − DBP。平均动脉压 MAP ≈ (SBP + 2·DBP)/3 = DBP + PP/3,这是基于正常心率下心脏每搏约有三分之二时间处于舒张期的估算(心率快时准确性下降);MAP 至少约 65 mmHg 是常用的器官灌注目标。休克指数 SI = 心率/SBP,正常约为 0.5–0.7;高于约 1 是休克的警示信号。

休克指数

SI = 122/75 = 1.627 ≈ 1.63

答案

SI = 1.63

1 或更高:在这个练习病例中是休克的警示信号。

34.临床评估评分

答案: 健康体重

体质指数:BMI = 体重(kg)/身高(m)²,身高要先换算为米。使用磅和英寸时,BMI = 703 × 体重(lb)/身高(in)²。WHO 成人分类:低于 18.5 为体重过轻,18.5–24.9 为健康体重,25.0–29.9 为超重,30.0–34.9 为肥胖 I 级,35.0–39.9 为肥胖 II 级,40 及以上为肥胖 III 级。

BMI

BMI = 56/1.72² = 18.93

分类

健康体重

答案

健康体重

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