感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 40 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
A patient tells the nurse about abuse and asks them to keep it a secret. What should the nurse say?
A patient says they have no pain, but grimaces and holds their side whenever they move. What should the nurse do?
A nurse’s hands are dry and cracked from frequent hand hygiene. What is the best approach?
Who should mark the operative site before surgery?
A patient with asthma has two inhalers: a corticosteroid and salbutamol (albuterol). Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
一名患者正经外周静脉输注氯化钾,诉说穿刺部位烧灼感,该处发红。护士首先做什么?
Modern wound care generally aims to keep a healing wound bed:
Why must blood samples for a cross-match be labelled at the bedside immediately after they are taken?
A patient on levothyroxine has palpitations, weight loss and a TSH of 0.05 mIU/L. What is the most likely explanation?
Three days after starting haloperidol, a patient has a temperature of 40 °C, severe muscle rigidity and confusion. Which laboratory result would the nurse expect?
How should oral potassium chloride tablets be taken?
A patient on valproate becomes lethargic, starts vomiting and develops jaundice. Which adverse effect should be suspected first?
Virchow's triad describes three factors that promote venous thrombosis. Which patient factor represents venous stasis?
A patient with an inferior myocardial infarction develops complete heart block with a heart rate of 38/min. What is the most likely reason?
For which patient with migraine would the nurse question an order for sumatriptan?
A patient has fever, confusion, odd behaviour and a new seizure. Herpes simplex encephalitis is suspected. Which drug is usually started straight away?
Which advice helps a person with diabetes prevent foot ulcers?
Which medicine commonly needs enteral feeds paused before and after each dose because the feed reduces its absorption?
Why is it important that the uterus relaxes fully between contractions?
A woman at 28 weeks has itching, and her liver tests and bile acids are raised. Which advice is most important?
10 个月婴儿的哪项生长曲线表现最需要进一步评估?
一名儿童因发热、颈部僵硬和压之不褪色的皮疹入院。优先事项是什么?
在精神状态检查中,“自知力”评估的是什么?
A patient finds clothes in her wardrobe she does not remember buying, has gaps in her memory and is called by different names by people she does not know. Which condition is most likely?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一个剂量记录在 09:15(24 小时制)。哪个条目是 12 小时制中的同一时间?点击它。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一次输注从 19:05 开始,到次日早晨 08:45 结束(24 小时制)。它运行了多少小时t?答案以小数表示小时数,取到两位小数。
某患者体重 80 kg。医嘱剂量为每天 5 mg/kg,分 2 次等量给药。每次给多少毫克 D?
你需要用 20%(w/v)储备液配制 1000 mL 2.5%(w/v)溶液。 你需要多少容量的储备液 V₁?
用滴系数为 20 滴/mL 的输液器在 3 小时内输入 250 mL。求滴速 R(滴/分)。 取整到最接近的整数。
医嘱要求在 8 小时内输入 500 mL。4 小时后你发现袋中还剩 310 mL,而输液仍须按时完成。 原来的泵速必须提高百分之多少 Δ?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一袋中含肝素 25 000 单位,容量 500 mL。医嘱为 20 units/kg/h,患者体重 92 kg。输液泵速率 R 应设为多少 mL/h? 保留一位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一袋中含dobutamine 500 mg,容量 250 mL。医嘱为 10 mcg/kg/min,患者体重 88 kg。输液泵速率 R 应设为多少 mL/h? 保留一位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 8 小时班次中的出入量。静脉输液在整个班次中按所示速率输注。求总入量 I,以 mL 计。 冰屑按其体积的一半计。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一袋 500 mL 的液体用输液泵以 80 mL/h 输注。到 12:00 时已输入 150 mL。还要多少小时 t 袋子才会输完? 保留一位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一位患者的脉搏为 122 次/分,血压为 156/101 mmHg。求休克指数SI = HR/SBP。取到两位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 用 Braden 量表评估一位练习患者:感觉知觉: 无损害; 潮湿程度: 偶尔潮湿; 活动: 经常步行; 活动能力: 不受限制; 营养: 极好; 摩擦力和剪切力: 无明显问题。使用的分级为:19–23 无风险,15–18 轻度,13–14 中度,10–12 高,9 或以下极高。点击风险等级。
某练习动脉血气显示 pH 7.31,PaCO₂ 61 mmHg (8.1 kPa),HCO₃⁻ 30 mmol/L。原发性紊乱是呼吸性酸中毒。代偿到什么程度?点选你的答案。
某练习血气显示呼吸性酸中毒:pH 7.23,PaCO₂ 67 mmHg (8.9 kPa),HCO₃⁻ 27 mmol/L。利用规则“HCO₃⁻ 每 10 mmHg 升高 1 mmol/L(急性)或 3.5 mmol/L(慢性)”进行分类。点选你的答案。
解读这条 II 导联心律条带。这是什么节律?点击你的答案。
依次按五个步骤解读这条 II 导联心电图:心率、节律、P 波、PR 间期、QRS 时限。你在哪一步发现第一个异常?点击它。
答案: D · That they cannot promise secrecy if someone is at risk of harm
Nurses must not promise secrecy when there is a risk of harm. They listen, stay calm, explain what will happen, record the disclosure and follow safeguarding procedures.
答案: C · Explore the difference gently and assess the pain further
When cues conflict, the nurse looks further. Patients may play pain down for many reasons, such as not wanting to bother staff or fearing side effects.
答案: D · Use the hand lotion approved by the facility to keep the skin intact
Cracked skin is harder to clean and harbors more organisms. Facility-approved lotions help keep the skin healthy without reducing the effect of hand antiseptics such as chlorhexidine.
答案: A · The person who will perform the procedure, with the patient involved where possible
Under the Universal Protocol, the site is marked by the person performing the procedure, or an authorized delegate, ideally while the patient is awake and can confirm it. This helps prevent wrong-site surgery.
答案: B · “I will use my steroid inhaler when I have a sudden attack.”
Inhaled corticosteroids reduce inflammation over time and do not relieve an acute attack. Salbutamol (albuterol) is the quick-relief inhaler; rinsing after steroids helps prevent oral thrush.
答案: B · 停止输注并评估静脉穿刺部位
疼痛和发红提示静脉炎或药液渗漏。护士应停止输注,评估部位,并通知医疗人员。继续输注或加快速度会加重组织损伤。
答案: D · Moist but not wet
A moist wound environment speeds epithelial cell migration and healing. Too much moisture causes maceration, so dressings are chosen to manage exudate.
答案: A · To prevent "wrong blood in tube" errors that can cause fatal reactions
A sample labelled with the wrong patient's details can lead to incompatible blood being issued. Labelling at the bedside after positive identification is a key transfusion safety step.
答案: C · The levothyroxine dose is too high
A very low TSH with symptoms of excess thyroid hormone suggests over-replacement. The dose is usually reduced, because long-term over-replacement raises the risk of atrial fibrillation and bone loss, especially in older adults.核对依据: TSH test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026)
答案: A · A very high creatine kinase (CK)
These signs suggest neuroleptic malignant syndrome, a medical emergency. Muscle rigidity releases CK, often to very high levels, and the white count is often raised. Myoglobin can damage the kidneys. The antipsychotic is stopped and supportive care is started.
答案: D · With food and plenty of water, swallowed whole if slow-release
Oral potassium can cause nausea and, if a tablet lodges, ulceration of the oesophagus or gut. Taking it with food and plenty of water and staying upright reduces this; levels are monitored.
答案: A · Liver toxicity
Valproate can cause serious hepatotoxicity, especially in young children and early in treatment. Liver function tests are checked, and the drug may need to be stopped; pancreatitis is another serious risk.
答案: A · Immobility after major surgery
Virchow's triad is stasis of blood, vessel wall injury and hypercoagulability. Immobility, long journeys and heart failure cause stasis. Surgery and trauma injure vessel walls. Oestrogen, cancer, pregnancy and inherited thrombophilias increase coagulability.
答案: B · The right coronary artery usually supplies the AV node
In most people the right coronary artery supplies the inferior wall and the AV node, so inferior MI can cause AV block. It is often temporary and may respond to atropine, but symptomatic or persistent block may need temporary pacing.
答案: D · A patient with a history of angina
Triptans constrict blood vessels, including the coronary arteries. They are contraindicated in coronary artery disease, previous stroke and uncontrolled hypertension.
答案: A · IV aciclovir
Herpes simplex encephalitis is treatable but can cause severe brain damage. IV aciclovir is started as soon as it is suspected, without waiting for test results. Kidney function and hydration are monitored during treatment.
答案: D · Check the feet every day and never walk barefoot
Peripheral neuropathy and poor circulation mean injuries can go unnoticed. Daily inspection, well-fitting footwear, checking water temperature and regular podiatry help prevent ulcers.
答案: D · Phenytoin
Enteral feeds bind phenytoin and lower its levels, risking seizures. Feeds are usually paused around doses, as advised by the pharmacist, and drug levels are monitored.
答案: A · Blood flow to the placenta is restored between contractions
During contractions, blood flow to the intervillous space falls. Relaxation between contractions restores oxygen delivery to the fetus. Short rest periods, as in tachysystole, can cause fetal hypoxia.
答案: A · Report reduced fetal movements straight away
Intrahepatic cholestasis is linked with stillbirth, especially with high bile acids. Women are monitored closely, told to report reduced movements and may be offered birth earlier. Cool baths and emollients ease itching.
答案: B · 自上几次就诊以来,体重已跨越两条主要百分位线下降
沿着较低百分位稳步生长的儿童可能只是个子小。跨越两条主要百分位线提示生长迟缓,需要评估喂养、疾病和社会状况。
答案: D · 开始飞沫隔离,并紧急请医生会诊,以免延误抗生素治疗
发热伴压之不褪色的皮疹提示脑膜炎球菌败血症。不得延误抗生素,在孩子接受有效抗生素约 24 小时之前应采取飞沫隔离。
答案: D · 患者是否理解自己有精神健康问题并需要帮助
自知力是患者对自己疾病及其影响的认识。判断力是做出合理决定的能力,例如捡到失物钱包时该怎么办。
答案: B · Dissociative identity disorder
Dissociative identity disorder involves two or more distinct personality states with recurrent gaps in memory. It is strongly linked to severe, repeated trauma in childhood. It is different from schizophrenia, which is a psychotic disorder.
答案: 9:15 AM
24 小时制:下午 1 点起,小时数加 12(下午 3:45 = 15:45)。午夜到凌晨 12:59 为 00:00–00:59,中午 12:00–12:59 仍为 12:00–12:59。反过来换算时,13–23 点减 12 并标为下午;00 点变为凌晨 12 点。跨午夜计算时间要分两段:先算到 24:00(00:00),再从 00:00 算起。
答案: t = 13.67 h
24 小时制:下午 1 点起,小时数加 12(下午 3:45 = 15:45)。午夜到凌晨 12:59 为 00:00–00:59,中午 12:00–12:59 仍为 12:00–12:59。反过来换算时,13–23 点减 12 并标为下午;00 点变为凌晨 12 点。跨午夜计算时间要分两段:先算到 24:00(00:00),再从 00:00 算起。
答案: D = 200 mg
剂量计算:给药量等于医嘱剂量除以现有药物的规格,再乘以该规格对应的量:给药量 = (医嘱剂量/储备规格) × 储备体积。始终统一单位(先把 g 换成 mg,mg 换成 mcg),并检查答案是否合理。
答案: V₁ = 125 mL
Solution strengths: a percentage strength is grams per 100 mL, so 1% = 1 g/100 mL = 10 mg/mL. A ratio strength 1:1000 means 1 g in 1000 mL = 1 mg/mL; 1:10 000 is 0.1 mg/mL. For a dilution the amount of drug stays the same: C₁·V₁ = C₂·V₂.
答案: R = 28 gtt/min
输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。
床旁取最接近的整滴:28 滴/分。
答案: Δ = 24 %
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
许多医院允许在不重开医嘱的情况下进行不超过 25% 的此类调整;请查阅本院规定。
答案: R = 36.8 mL/h
肝素和胰岛素输注:浓度 = 袋中单位数/袋容量 (units/mL)。泵速 (mL/h) = 每小时单位数/浓度,每小时单位数 = mL/h × 浓度。按体重给药时,先求 units/h = units/kg/h × 体重。推注体积 = 所需单位数/药瓶规格。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: R = 26.4 mL/h
滴定输注:先求以 mcg/mL 计的浓度(mg × 1000/mL)。按体重给药时,mcg/min = mcg/kg/min × 体重。然后 mL/h = mcg/min × 60/浓度。反推时,mcg/kg/min = mL/h × 浓度/(60 × 体重)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: I = 1490 mL
出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: t = 4.4 h
输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
约为 4 h 23 min,所以袋子大约在 16:23 输完。
答案: SI = 0.78
血压数值:脉压 PP = SBP − DBP。平均动脉压 MAP ≈ (SBP + 2·DBP)/3 = DBP + PP/3,这是基于正常心率下心脏每搏约有三分之二时间处于舒张期的估算(心率快时准确性下降);MAP 至少约 65 mmHg 是常用的器官灌注目标。休克指数 SI = 心率/SBP,正常约为 0.5–0.7;高于约 1 是休克的警示信号。
高于通常的 0.5–0.7。
答案: 无风险
Braden 量表:评估压力性损伤风险的六个分项。感觉知觉、潮湿程度、活动、活动能力和营养各评 1 至 4 分,从最差水平(1)到无问题(4);摩擦力和剪切力评 1 至 3 分。总分为 6 至 23,总分越低风险越高。常用分级:19–23 无风险,15–18 轻度风险,13–14 中度风险,10–12 高风险,9 分及以下为极高风险。
答案: 部分代偿
解读血气(ROME):先看 pH:低于 7.35 为酸血症,高于 7.45 为碱血症。然后找出能解释它的指标。PaCO₂(正常 35–45 mmHg,4.7–6.0 kPa)是呼吸方面的指标,在呼吸性紊乱中与 pH 反向(Opposite)变化;HCO₃⁻(正常 22–26 mmol/L)是代谢方面的指标,与 pH 同向变化(Respiratory Opposite, Metabolic Equal,即呼吸性相反,代谢性相同)。另一个指标显示代偿情况:正常表示未代偿;沿着使 pH 回升的方向异常、而 pH 仍然异常,表示部分代偿;pH 正常而两个指标都异常,表示完全代偿。各实验室的范围略有差异;这些是练习用数值。
答案: 急性
预期代偿:代谢性酸中毒时,温特公式预测 PaCO₂ = 1.5·HCO₃⁻ + 8 ± 2 mmHg;实测值高于该范围提示合并呼吸性酸中毒,低于该范围提示合并呼吸性碱中毒。阴离子间隙 AG = Na⁺ − (Cl⁻ + HCO₃⁻),正常约为 8–12 mmol/L,用于区分高阴离子间隙与正常阴离子间隙代谢性酸中毒;低白蛋白会掩盖升高的间隙(白蛋白低于 4.0 的部分,每 g/dL 加 2.5)。Δ 比值 (AG − 12)/(24 − HCO₃⁻) 约在 0.8 到 2 之间符合单纯高间隙酸中毒(有些教材用 1 代替 0.8),低于此范围提示合并正常间隙酸中毒,高于 2 提示合并代谢性碱中毒。
答案: 心房颤动
节律标准(II 导联):窦性心律每个 QRS 之前都有直立的 P 波,PR 恒定为 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 狭窄:60–100 次/分为正常窦性心律,低于 60 为窦性心动过缓,高于 100 为窦性心动过速。心房颤动:无 P 波,基线呈颤动,R–R 绝对不规则。心房扑动:约 250–350 次/分的锯齿状扑动波,伴固定的传导比例,如 2:1 或 4:1。一度房室传导阻滞:窦性心律,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。交界性心律:窄 QRS,40–60 次/分,P 波缺失或倒置(PR 低于 0.12 s,或 P 波在 QRS 之后)。室性早搏(PVC)是提前出现的宽大(0.12 s 或以上)、形态怪异的 QRS,没有 P 波,T 波方向相反,通常有完全性代偿间歇;二联律是指每隔一个搏动就有一个室性早搏。
答案: 节律
每条心电图的五个步骤:1. 心率(300 法或 1500 法;若不规则则用 6 秒法);2. 节律:R–R 间期是否相等;3. P 波:是否存在、在 II 导联直立、每个 QRS 之前各有一个且形态一致;4. PR 间期:0.12–0.20 s 且恒定;5. QRS 时限:低于 0.12 s。五个步骤做完之后才命名节律。正常窦性心律五项全部符合:60–100 次/分,规则,每个 QRS 之前有直立 P 波,PR 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 低于 0.12 s。
本内容为独立练习材料。ExamProblems 与该考试的主办机构没有隶属关系,也未获其认可,考试名称仅用于描述内容。 NCLEX®, NCLEX-RN® and NCLEX-PN® 是 the National Council of State Boards of Nursing, Inc. (NCSBN) 的商标,该机构与 ExamProblems 无关,不为其背书,也不保证其准确性。
ExamProblems · examproblems.com/courses/nclex-rn-practice-questions