感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 40 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
A patient's hearing aid keeps whistling. What is the most likely cause?
Which statement by a visitor shows a need for further teaching about contact precautions?
Many intensive care units bathe patients daily with chlorhexidine. What is the main purpose?
A patient with pneumonia has low blood pressure and a raised serum lactate. What does the raised lactate suggest?
A malnourished patient admitted with alcohol use disorder needs IV glucose. Which vitamin is given before or with it?
一名患者正通过中心静脉导管接受肠外营养。哪项发现需要立即处理?
Which advice is important for a patient on long-term oral corticosteroids?
A patient who has had a kidney stone is taught about prevention. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
How does normal pregnancy usually affect serum creatinine?
An older adult has bone pain, fatigue and frequent infections. Results show anemia, a calcium of 12.4 mg/dL (3.1 mmol/L), a raised total protein and a rising creatinine. Which condition should be suspected?
他汀类药物的哪种严重但罕见的不良反应需要患者立即报告?
一名阿司匹林(水杨酸盐)过量早期的患者有耳鸣并呼吸急促。典型的酸碱紊乱模式是什么?
Why should a long-acting beta-2 agonist (LABA) never be used alone in asthma?
An adult inhales a peanut while laughing and now has a persistent cough and wheeze on one side. Where is the peanut most likely to have lodged?
Which group of problems is typical of primary hyperparathyroidism?
Near the end of a haemodialysis session, a patient has painful leg cramps and a falling blood pressure. What is the most likely cause?
Why should metoclopramide not be used for nausea in mechanical bowel obstruction?
A nurse has a needlestick injury after taking blood from a patient with hepatitis B. What should the nurse do first?
Which event in an Rh-negative, non-sensitised woman requires an extra dose of anti-D immunoglobulin?
Fluid leaking from the vagina is tested. Which result supports rupture of the membranes?
一名 9 个月大的婴儿出现阵发性剧烈哭闹,双膝蜷起,并排出看起来像红醋栗果冻的大便。可能的原因是什么?
A child with a new forearm cast has severe pain not relieved by analgesia and screams when the nurse gently moves the fingers. What should the nurse suspect?
一名患者使用“glimpotrance”这个词,并解释说它的意思是控制他思想的力量。这是什么?
A patient who believes he is a famous religious leader becomes upset when other patients laugh at him. What is the most appropriate nursing action?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一名新生儿体重 10 lb 2 oz。按 1 lb = 16 oz 和 1 kg = 2.2 lb,求以千克表示的体重m。取到两位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一次输注从 17:05 开始,到次日早晨 03:10 结束(24 小时制)。它运行了多少小时t?答案以小数表示小时数,取到两位小数。
某患者体重 90 kg,医嘱为单次给药 10 mg/kg。求剂量 D(mg)。
一名患者体重 88 lb。医嘱为单次剂量 10 mg/kg,储备液为 1 mL 中含 40 mg。按 1 kg = 2.2 lb 计算,你应给予多少容量 V?
滴注以 50 gtt/min 的速度通过滴系数为 60 gtt/mL 的输液器。患者在 6 小时内接受多少毫升 V?
一组输液以 32 滴/分的速度经 20 滴/mL 的输液器滴注。袋中还剩 300 mL。还需多少小时 t 才会滴完? 保留一位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一项练习规程要求为体重 96 kg 的患者推注肝素 80 units/kg。药瓶规格为 5 000 units/mL。应抽取多少体积 V? 保留一位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一袋中含dobutamine 500 mg,容量 250 mL。医嘱为 7.5 mcg/kg/min,患者体重 69 kg。输液泵速率 R 应设为多少 mL/h? 保留一位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 12 小时班次中的出入量。静脉输液在整个班次中按所示速率输注。求液体平衡 B = 入量 − 出量,以 mL 计(答案为负表示净丢失)。 冰屑按其体积的一半计。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一袋 1000 mL 的液体用输液泵以 60 mL/h 输注。到 09:30 时已输入 300 mL。还要多少小时 t 袋子才会输完? 保留一位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 对这些观察结果使用 NEWS2 图表(SpO₂ 量表 1):呼吸频率 14 次/分,SpO₂ 86%吸室内空气,血压 142/86 mmHg,脉搏 76 次/分,清醒,体温 39.6 °C。NEWS2 总分是多少?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 用 Braden 量表评估一位练习患者:感觉知觉: 非常受限; 潮湿程度: 偶尔潮湿; 活动: 卧床不起; 活动能力: 不受限制; 营养: 非常差; 摩擦力和剪切力: 有问题。使用的分级为:19–23 无风险,15–18 轻度,13–14 中度,10–12 高,9 或以下极高。点击风险等级。
某练习动脉血气显示 pH 7.38,PaCO₂ 65 mmHg (8.7 kPa),HCO₃⁻ 37 mmol/L。原发性紊乱是呼吸性酸中毒。代偿到什么程度?点选你的答案。
某练习血气显示 pH 7.31,PaCO₂ 31 mmHg (4.1 kPa),HCO₃⁻ 15 mmol/L,Na⁺ 137,Cl⁻ 95 mmol/L。利用阴离子间隙和 Δ 比值,点选最合适的解读。
测量这条 II 导联心电图上的QT 间期,以秒为单位。
这条 II 导联心电图显示房室传导阻滞,所以心房和心室以不同的频率搏动。QRS 波群是规则的:求出心室率(单位:次/分,1500 法,取整数)。
答案: C · It is not fitted properly in the ear
Whistling is feedback, usually from a poor fit, earwax or a damaged tube. Refitting the aid or checking for wax usually solves it; a flat battery makes it silent.
答案: B · "I'll take the gown off at home after I leave the hospital."
PPE is removed in or at the door of the patient's room and disposed of there, followed by hand hygiene. Wearing it out of the room spreads the organism.
答案: D · To reduce skin bacteria and bloodstream infections linked to central lines
Daily chlorhexidine bathing lowers the number of organisms on the skin, reducing central line-associated bloodstream infections and the spread of resistant bacteria in ICUs.
答案: A · Poor tissue perfusion, a sign of sepsis-related shock
When tissues are poorly perfused, cells switch to anaerobic metabolism and lactate rises. In a patient with infection and hypotension, this points to septic shock and needs urgent treatment.
答案: C · Thiamine (vitamin B1)
Thiamine deficiency is common in heavy alcohol use, and giving glucose without thiamine can trigger Wernicke encephalopathy. Thiamine is given before or with glucose.
答案: B · 输注意外中断后出现出汗、颤抖,血糖 62 mg/dL(3.4 mmol/L)
肠外营养含有大量葡萄糖,身体会以高胰岛素水平作出反应。如果输注突然中断,可能随后出现反跳性低血糖。护士应按规程处理低血糖,通知医疗人员,并遵循输注中断的政策。血糖轻度升高、敷料完整和体重小幅变化是预期的或轻微的。
答案: A · Do not stop them suddenly
Long-term steroids suppress the adrenal glands, so stopping suddenly can cause adrenal crisis. Patients should carry a steroid alert card or medical ID and follow sick-day guidance.
答案: A · "I will drink less water so I don't need to pass urine as often."
A high fluid intake dilutes urine and is the most important general measure to prevent stones. Dietary advice depends on the stone's composition.
答案: C · It falls, because GFR rises
In pregnancy, kidney blood flow and GFR rise by about 50%, so creatinine falls below non-pregnant values. A creatinine that looks "normal" for a non-pregnant adult may indicate reduced kidney function in pregnancy.
答案: C · Multiple myeloma
Multiple myeloma typically causes high calcium from bone destruction, kidney damage, anemia and bone lesions, plus a raised protein from a monoclonal antibody. Recurrent infections reflect poor production of normal antibodies.核对依据: Multiple Myeloma · StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf) (2023)
答案: A · 不明原因的肌肉疼痛或无力
他汀类可引起肌病,极少数会进展为伴肾损伤的横纹肌溶解。不明原因的肌痛应进行检查,例如测定肌酸激酶。
答案: C · 先呼吸性碱中毒,后代谢性酸中毒
水杨酸盐刺激呼吸,早期引起呼吸性碱中毒。随后它们干扰细胞代谢,引起阴离子间隙增高的代谢性酸中毒。成人常表现为混合型。
答案: D · Without an inhaled steroid, it is linked with severe and fatal attacks
LABA monotherapy in asthma is linked with severe attacks and asthma deaths because it relieves symptoms while airway inflammation continues. In asthma, LABAs are always given with an inhaled corticosteroid, often in one combination inhaler.
答案: D · The right main bronchus
Inhaled foreign bodies most often enter the right main bronchus and right lower lobe, because the right bronchus is wider, shorter and more vertical. Signs include a unilateral wheeze, reduced breath sounds and recurrent infection. Bronchoscopy is used for removal.
答案: D · Kidney stones, bone pain, abdominal pain and low mood
High PTH raises calcium, which can cause kidney stones, bone loss and pain, constipation and abdominal pain, and low mood or confusion ("stones, bones, groans and moans"). Many cases are found on routine blood tests.
答案: A · Fluid is being removed too quickly
Muscle cramps and hypotension during dialysis are often due to rapid or excessive fluid removal. Staff may reduce the ultrafiltration rate and give saline per protocol. The dry weight may need to be reviewed.
答案: B · It increases gut movement against the blockage
Metoclopramide stimulates gastric and intestinal motility, which can worsen pain and risk perforation in complete mechanical obstruction. Other antiemetics are chosen.
答案: B · Wash the site with soap and running water, without scrubbing
The site is washed with soap and running water; it may be allowed to bleed gently, but it is not scrubbed or sucked. The injury is reported immediately so that post-exposure assessment, including hepatitis B immunity and treatment if needed, can start quickly.
答案: B · Amniocentesis
Any potentially sensitising event, such as amniocentesis, abdominal trauma, bleeding, miscarriage or ectopic pregnancy, can mix fetal and maternal blood. Anti-D is given after it to prevent antibody formation.
答案: C · A ferning pattern on a dried slide under the microscope
Amniotic fluid forms a fern-like pattern when dried and turns nitrazine paper blue because it is alkaline. Vaginal secretions and urine are usually acidic. Blood, semen and infection can give false positives on nitrazine testing.
答案: A · 肠套叠
肠套叠引起间歇性绞痛、呕吐、腊肠样肿块以及带血和黏液的大便。这是急症。
答案: B · Compartment syndrome; report it at once
Rising pressure within a muscle compartment cuts off blood supply. Severe pain unrelieved by analgesia and pain on passive movement are early signs; pulselessness is late. The prescriber is told immediately, the limb is not elevated above heart level and the cast may need splitting.
答案: B · 新语症
新语症是自创的词,或被赋予私人含义的真实词汇,是思维紊乱的征象。
答案: A · Protect him from ridicule, avoid arguing and focus on real activities
Arguing or agreeing strengthens a delusion. The nurse protects the patient's dignity, responds to his feelings and focuses on real, present activities and concerns.
答案: m = 4.6 kg
家用计量和体重:护理考试使用取整的等量关系:1 茶匙(tsp)= 5 mL,1 汤匙(tbsp)= 15 mL = 3 tsp,1 液量盎司(fl oz)= 30 mL = 2 tbsp,1 杯 = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重方面,1 kg = 2.2 lb,1 lb = 16 oz;长度方面,1 英寸 = 2.54 cm。设置换算时,要让你不需要的单位相互约去。
答案: t = 10.08 h
24 小时制:下午 1 点起,小时数加 12(下午 3:45 = 15:45)。午夜到凌晨 12:59 为 00:00–00:59,中午 12:00–12:59 仍为 12:00–12:59。反过来换算时,13–23 点减 12 并标为下午;00 点变为凌晨 12 点。跨午夜计算时间要分两段:先算到 24:00(00:00),再从 00:00 算起。
答案: D = 900 mg
剂量计算:给药量等于医嘱剂量除以现有药物的规格,再乘以该规格对应的量:给药量 = (医嘱剂量/储备规格) × 储备体积。始终统一单位(先把 g 换成 mg,mg 换成 mcg),并检查答案是否合理。
答案: V = 10 mL
Dose calculation: the amount to give equals what is prescribed divided by what you have, times the quantity it comes in: amount = (desired dose/stock strength) × stock volume. Always keep the units the same (convert g to mg, mg to mcg first) and check that the answer is sensible.
答案: V = 300 mL
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
答案: t = 3.1 h
输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。
答案: V = 1.5 mL
肝素和胰岛素输注:浓度 = 袋中单位数/袋容量 (units/mL)。泵速 (mL/h) = 每小时单位数/浓度,每小时单位数 = mL/h × 浓度。按体重给药时,先求 units/h = units/kg/h × 体重。推注体积 = 所需单位数/药瓶规格。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: R = 15.5 mL/h
滴定输注:先求以 mcg/mL 计的浓度(mg × 1000/mL)。按体重给药时,mcg/min = mcg/kg/min × 体重。然后 mL/h = mcg/min × 60/浓度。反推时,mcg/kg/min = mL/h × 浓度/(60 × 体重)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: B = 800 mL
出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
为正:摄入的液体多于排出的液体。
答案: t = 11.7 h
输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
约为 11 h 40 min,所以袋子大约在 21:10 输完。
答案: NEWS2 = 5
NEWS2(国家早期预警评分 2,英国皇家内科医师学会 2017):按图表为七个参数分别评分(呼吸频率、量表 1 的 SpO₂、吸空气还是吸氧、收缩压、脉搏、按 ACVPU 量表评定的意识状态和体温),然后把分数相加。临床风险:0–4 为低;任何单项参数得 3 分为中低;5–6 为中;7 或以上为高。总分 5 或以上需要紧急响应。
答案: 高风险
Braden 量表:评估压力性损伤风险的六个分项。感觉知觉、潮湿程度、活动、活动能力和营养各评 1 至 4 分,从最差水平(1)到无问题(4);摩擦力和剪切力评 1 至 3 分。总分为 6 至 23,总分越低风险越高。常用分级:19–23 无风险,15–18 轻度风险,13–14 中度风险,10–12 高风险,9 分及以下为极高风险。
答案: 完全代偿
解读血气(ROME):先看 pH:低于 7.35 为酸血症,高于 7.45 为碱血症。然后找出能解释它的指标。PaCO₂(正常 35–45 mmHg,4.7–6.0 kPa)是呼吸方面的指标,在呼吸性紊乱中与 pH 反向(Opposite)变化;HCO₃⁻(正常 22–26 mmol/L)是代谢方面的指标,与 pH 同向变化(Respiratory Opposite, Metabolic Equal,即呼吸性相反,代谢性相同)。另一个指标显示代偿情况:正常表示未代偿;沿着使 pH 回升的方向异常、而 pH 仍然异常,表示部分代偿;pH 正常而两个指标都异常,表示完全代偿。各实验室的范围略有差异;这些是练习用数值。
答案: 单纯高间隙酸中毒
预期代偿:代谢性酸中毒时,温特公式预测 PaCO₂ = 1.5·HCO₃⁻ + 8 ± 2 mmHg;实测值高于该范围提示合并呼吸性酸中毒,低于该范围提示合并呼吸性碱中毒。阴离子间隙 AG = Na⁺ − (Cl⁻ + HCO₃⁻),正常约为 8–12 mmol/L,用于区分高阴离子间隙与正常阴离子间隙代谢性酸中毒;低白蛋白会掩盖升高的间隙(白蛋白低于 4.0 的部分,每 g/dL 加 2.5)。Δ 比值 (AG − 12)/(24 − HCO₃⁻) 约在 0.8 到 2 之间符合单纯高间隙酸中毒(有些教材用 1 代替 0.8),低于此范围提示合并正常间隙酸中毒,高于 2 提示合并代谢性碱中毒。
答案: QT = 0.32 s
QT 与 QTc:QT 间期从 QRS 波群起点到 T 波终点。它随心率加快而缩短,因此要用以秒为单位的 R–R 间期按心率校正:Bazett QTc = QT/√RR,Fridericia QTc = QT/∛RR。多数教科书使用 Bazett 公式;它在心率快时校正过度,此时宜用 Fridericia。各参考标准的界限不同:QTc 男性高于约 0.45 s、女性高于约 0.46 s 通常称为延长,高于 0.50 s 称为明显延长。
粗略的规则:在正常心率下,QT 应小于 R–R 间期的一半(此处 R–R = 0.68 s)。
答案: 心室率 = 27 bpm
房室传导阻滞:逐个标出 P 波,检查哪些 P 波后面跟着 QRS。一度:每个 P 波都下传,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。二度 I 型(Mobitz I,文氏现象):PR 逐搏延长,直到一个 P 波未下传,然后周期重新开始(成组搏动)。二度 II 型(Mobitz II):下传搏动的 PR 保持恒定,P 波突然不下传;QRS 常增宽。三度(完全性)阻滞:P 波和 QRS 波群各自规则但互相独立,PR 随机变化,心房率快于逸搏率(交界性逸搏 40–60 次/分,QRS 窄;室性逸搏 20–40 次/分,QRS 宽)。2:1 阻滞仅凭一份条带无法判断是 I 型还是 II 型。
三度阻滞,伴宽 QRS 室性逸搏(通常为 20–40 次/分)。
本内容为独立练习材料。ExamProblems 与该考试的主办机构没有隶属关系,也未获其认可,考试名称仅用于描述内容。 NCLEX®, NCLEX-RN® and NCLEX-PN® 是 the National Council of State Boards of Nursing, Inc. (NCSBN) 的商标,该机构与 ExamProblems 无关,不为其背书,也不保证其准确性。
ExamProblems · examproblems.com/courses/nclex-rn-practice-questions