感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 40 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
How can a patient reduce pain when coughing after abdominal surgery?
For a healthy adult having planned surgery, until how long before anaesthesia can water usually still be taken?
Which toy is safest for a toddler?
A nurse teaches a patient with neutropenia about preventing infection at home. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A parent calls to say their toddler has just swallowed drain cleaner. What should the nurse advise?
An adult choking on food is coughing forcefully and can speak a little. What should the nurse do?
Why are patients encouraged to use an incentive spirometer after abdominal surgery?
一名肝硬化患者腹部膨大紧绷,接受腹腔穿刺放液。为什么可能要给予白蛋白?
A patient scheduled for surgery this morning has a potassium of 3.0 mEq/L on pre-operative tests. What should the nurse do?
A child with sickle cell disease and a recent viral illness is pale and tired. The hemoglobin has fallen sharply, and the reticulocyte count is very low. What is the most likely problem?
氟哌啶醇等典型抗精神病药主要通过阻断什么起作用?
Five days after starting clindamycin, a patient has frequent watery diarrhoea, abdominal cramps and a fever. What should the nurse suspect and do?
How big should a suction catheter be compared with the tracheostomy or endotracheal tube?
Two days after a coronary stent, a patient on aspirin and ticagrelor has black, tarry stools and feels faint on standing. What should the nurse do?
Which lifestyle advice best helps a patient with epilepsy reduce their seizures?
一名 T4 水平脊髓损伤的患者出现剧烈搏动性头痛,血压 210/110 mmHg,损伤平面以上皮肤潮红、多汗,脉搏 50 次/分。让患者坐起后,下一个优先事项是什么?
A patient on warfarin is booked for elective surgery with a high bleeding risk. What is usual practice?
Four hours after surgery, a catheterised patient's urine output has been 10 mL/h for two hours. Vital signs are stable. What should the nurse check first?
In early pregnancy, how does the serum hCG level normally change?
A woman received an opioid IV 30 minutes ago. The tracing now shows minimal variability but no decelerations. What is the most likely cause?
哪名儿童一般不应接种 MMR 等活疫苗?
一名 7 岁哮喘发作的儿童原来喘鸣声很大,现在变得安静、嗜睡,且空气进入非常少。这说明什么?
A patient taking sertraline wants to take ibuprofen regularly for arthritis. What should the nurse teach?
On the fourth day after giving birth, a mother is tearful and moody but is caring for her baby, eating and sleeping when she can. What is the most appropriate nursing response?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一次注射的剂量计算得到 3.2911 mL。 本练习的规则是:1 mL 或以上的体积取到最接近的十分之一 mL。你记录的数值x是多少?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一张处方写着口服混悬液2 tsp,每天四次,共 5 天。按1 tsp = 5 mL,整个疗程需要多少 mLV?
一名体重 16 kg 的儿童按 4 mg/kg 处方用药。原液浓度为 10 mg/mL。请抽取剂量:应给多少体积 V?
一袋输液在 1000 mL 中含 40000 单位药物。医嘱为每小时 500 单位。泵速 R 应设为多少 mL/h?
医嘱要求在 12 小时内输入 1000 mL。2 小时后你发现袋中还剩 930 mL,而输液仍须按时完成。 必须把泵重新设定为多少 mL/h 的速率 R?
一袋液体在 50 mL 中含药 500 mg,以 20 mL/h 的速度输注。患者每小时获得多少毫克 D?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一袋中含肝素 25 000 单位,容量 500 mL。医嘱为 16 units/kg/h,患者体重 106 kg。输液泵速率 R 应设为多少 mL/h? 保留一位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一份含dobutamine 500 mg、容量 250 mL 的输液以 14 mL/h 输注。患者体重 56 kg。患者接受的剂量 D 是多少 mcg/kg/min? 保留一位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 8 小时班次中的出入量。患者体重 53 kg。求平均尿量 U,以 mL/kg/h 计。 保留两位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一份 1000 mL 的输液于 07:00 开始以 125 mL/h 输注。4 小时后速率改为 200 mL/h,之后不再改变。从开始算起多少小时 t 后袋子会输完? 保留一位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 用 Braden 量表评估一位练习患者:感觉知觉: 完全受限; 潮湿程度: 很少潮湿; 活动: 偶尔步行; 活动能力: 轻度受限; 营养: 非常差; 摩擦力和剪切力: 有问题。求 Braden 总分B。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 用 Morse 跌倒评分评估一位练习患者:过去 3 个月内的跌倒史: 否; 次要诊断: 否; 行走辅助: 无、卧床休息或由护士协助; 静脉输液或封管: 否; 步态: 正常、卧床休息或轮椅; 精神状态: 高估或忘记自身局限。使用分界值 0–24 低,25–44 中度,45 或以上高,点击跌倒风险等级。
某练习血气显示 PaCO₂ 21 mmHg (2.8 kPa)。利用规则:在急性呼吸性碱中毒中,PaCO₂ 每比 40 低出 10 mmHg,HCO₃⁻ 下降 2 mmol/L,以HCO₃⁻ 24 mmol/L 为起点,求预期HCO₃⁻。
某练习血气显示代谢性酸中毒:pH 7.19,PaCO₂ 49 mmHg (6.5 kPa),HCO₃⁻ 18 mmol/L。把实测的PaCO₂与温特公式比较。点选你的解读。
解读这条 II 导联心律条带。这是什么节律?点击你的答案。
这位患者装有起搏器。请解读这条 II 导联心电图条带。点击你的答案。
答案: D · Hold a pillow firmly against the wound while coughing
Splinting the incision with a pillow or folded towel supports the wound and reduces pain, so the patient can cough effectively and clear secretions.
答案: B · Up to 2 hours before
Standard guidance allows clear fluids up to 2 hours and food up to 6 hours before elective anaesthesia. Long fasting causes thirst, dehydration and discomfort without added safety.
答案: A · A large toy with no small parts that can come off
Small parts, marbles, magnets and uninflated or broken balloons are choking hazards for young children. Toys should be large, sturdy and suited to the child’s age.
答案: A · “I can clean the cat’s litter box if I wear a face mask.”
Immunocompromised patients should avoid cleaning litter boxes and other animal waste, because of organisms such as Toxoplasma. Another person should do it. The other statements are correct.
答案: A · Do not make the child vomit; call poison control or emergency services now
Inducing vomiting after a corrosive is swallowed causes more burns to the throat and risks aspiration. The parent should get expert advice and emergency help at once.
答案: D · Encourage the patient to keep coughing and stay with them
A partial obstruction with a forceful cough is best cleared by the patient’s own coughing. The nurse stays and is ready to act if the cough becomes weak or the patient cannot speak or breathe.
答案: A · To encourage deep breaths that prevent atelectasis and chest infection
Shallow breathing after surgery lets alveoli collapse, causing atelectasis and pneumonia. Deep-breathing exercises with an incentive spirometer help keep the lungs expanded.
答案: D · 降低大量放液后发生循环功能障碍的风险
大量腹腔穿刺放液可引起低血压和肾功能损害。输注白蛋白有助于维持循环血容量。
答案: C · Report it to the surgical team before surgery
Hypokalemia increases the risk of arrhythmias during anesthesia and can prolong muscle weakness. Abnormal pre-operative results are reported to the surgeon and anesthetist, who decide whether to correct it or delay surgery.核对依据: Hypokalemia · StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf) (2025)
答案: A · An aplastic crisis, often caused by parvovirus B19
Patients with sickle cell disease depend on a high reticulocyte count because their red cells live only a short time. Parvovirus B19 can stop red cell production for days, causing a rapid fall in hemoglobin with very low reticulocytes. Transfusion may be needed.核对依据: Reticulocyte Count · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)
答案: B · 多巴胺 D2 受体
氟哌啶醇阻断中脑边缘通路中的 D2 受体,减轻阳性症状。阻断其他通路中的 D2 受体会引起锥体外系反应和催乳素升高。
答案: A · C. difficile infection; send stool, use contact precautions, avoid antidiarrhoeals
Broad-spectrum antibiotics, especially clindamycin, allow C. difficile to overgrow and release toxins. Stool is tested, contact precautions with soap-and-water handwashing are used, and antidiarrhoeals are avoided because they keep toxin in the gut.
答案: B · No more than half the internal diameter of the tube
A catheter no larger than half the internal diameter of the tube lets air enter around it, reducing negative pressure in the lungs, atelectasis and hypoxaemia. Catheter size is often calculated from the tube size.
答案: B · Check vital signs, report urgently and anticipate a blood count
Melaena with postural dizziness suggests upper gastrointestinal bleeding, a risk with dual antiplatelet therapy. The nurse assesses for shock, informs the team urgently and expects bloods, a group and save (type and screen) and possibly endoscopy. Stopping antiplatelets after a stent risks stent thrombosis, so the decision belongs to the medical and cardiology team.
答案: C · Keep regular sleep and take every dose on time
Missed doses and lack of sleep are among the most common seizure triggers. Excess alcohol and, in some people, flashing lights are others. Most people can exercise safely, with sensible precautions such as not swimming alone.
答案: D · 查找并去除诱因,首先从膀胱开始
自主神经反射异常是急症。让患者坐起并垂下双腿,松开紧身衣物,经常监测血压并寻找诱因:检查导尿管有无扭曲或堵塞,或做膀胱扫描,然后检查肠道。如果去除病因后血压仍高,按医嘱给予速效降压药。
答案: C · Stop it about 5 days before and check the INR
Warfarin is usually stopped about 5 days before such surgery, and the INR is checked beforehand. Patients at high clotting risk may be given bridging therapy with a heparin, as planned by the team.
答案: C · That the catheter and tubing are not kinked or blocked
A sudden low output may be due to a kinked tube or blocked catheter. If drainage is normal, hypovolaemia or kidney injury is considered and the team is informed, with a fluid assessment.
答案: C · It roughly doubles every 2 to 3 days in the first weeks
In a normal early intrauterine pregnancy hCG roughly doubles every 48 to 72 hours, then peaks at around 8 to 10 weeks. A slow rise can suggest an ectopic pregnancy or a failing pregnancy.
答案: C · The opioid's effect on the fetal brain
Opioids, magnesium sulfate and fetal sleep can temporarily reduce variability. Without decelerations, it is likely drug-related, but the tracing should be watched for return of variability.
答案: A · 严重免疫抑制的儿童,例如化疗期间
活疫苗通常禁用于严重免疫抑制者和孕妇。轻微疾病和抗生素治疗不是禁忌证。
答案: C · 危及生命的恶化,伴有力竭和极差的气体交换
“寂静胸”和嗜睡意味着进入的空气太少,孩子正在疲惫。这是急症:呼叫援助,给氧并按医嘱进行紧急治疗。
答案: C · The combination increases the risk of bleeding, especially in the stomach, so discuss it with the prescriber
SSRIs reduce serotonin uptake into platelets, which impairs clotting. Combined with NSAIDs, aspirin or anticoagulants, the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding rises.
答案: A · Explain that these "baby blues" are common, offer support and advise her to seek help if they last more than about 2 weeks
Baby blues are common in the first days after birth and usually resolve within 2 weeks. Symptoms that last longer or are severe may indicate postpartum depression and need assessment.
答案: x = 3.3 mL
取整:看舍入位后面的那个数字:5 或更大则进位,4 或更小则保持原数字不变。只对最终答案取整,绝不对中间步骤取整。典型的考试规则:1 mL 或以上的体积取到十分位,低于 1 mL 的体积取到百分位,滴速取整到整滴,体重取到一位小数;务必遵循题目所规定的规则。
答案: V = 200 mL
量纲分析:先写出已知量,再乘以写成分数形式的换算系数(例如 60 min/1 h 或 1 mg/1000 mcg),使每个不需要的单位在分子和分母各出现一次并相互约去。只剩下所求单位时再计算。使用题目给出的等量关系,只对最终答案取整。
答案: V = 6.4 mL
抽取剂量:体积 = (处方剂量/药物浓度) × 药物体积。先换算成相同的单位,再检查该体积是否适合注射器,并落在它的某一个刻度上。
在这支 10 mL 的注射器上,每条小刻度线代表 0.2 mL。
答案: R = 12.5 mL/h
剂量计算:给药量等于医嘱剂量除以现有药物的规格,再乘以该规格对应的量:给药量 = (医嘱剂量/储备规格) × 储备体积。始终统一单位(先把 g 换成 mg,mg 换成 mcg),并检查答案是否合理。
答案: R = 93 mL/h
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
许多医院允许在不重开医嘱的情况下进行不超过 25% 的此类调整;请查阅本院规定。
答案: D = 200 mg/h
输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。
答案: R = 33.9 mL/h
肝素和胰岛素输注:浓度 = 袋中单位数/袋容量 (units/mL)。泵速 (mL/h) = 每小时单位数/浓度,每小时单位数 = mL/h × 浓度。按体重给药时,先求 units/h = units/kg/h × 体重。推注体积 = 所需单位数/药瓶规格。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: D = 8.3 mcg/kg/min
滴定输注:先求以 mcg/mL 计的浓度(mg × 1000/mL)。按体重给药时,mcg/min = mcg/kg/min × 体重。然后 mL/h = mcg/min × 60/浓度。反推时,mcg/kg/min = mL/h × 浓度/(60 × 体重)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: U = 2.65 mL/kg/h
出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: t = 6.5 h
输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
约为 6 h 30 min,所以袋子大约在 13:30 输完。
答案: B = 13
Braden 量表:评估压力性损伤风险的六个分项。感觉知觉、潮湿程度、活动、活动能力和营养各评 1 至 4 分,从最差水平(1)到无问题(4);摩擦力和剪切力评 1 至 3 分。总分为 6 至 23,总分越低风险越高。常用分级:19–23 无风险,15–18 轻度风险,13–14 中度风险,10–12 高风险,9 分及以下为极高风险。
答案: 低风险
Morse 跌倒评分:六个条目。跌倒史:否 0 分,是 25 分。次要诊断:否 0 分,是 15 分。行走辅助:无、卧床休息或护士协助 0 分;拐杖、手杖或助行器 15 分;扶着家具 30 分。静脉输液或封管:否 0 分,是 20 分。步态:正常、卧床休息或轮椅 0 分;虚弱 10 分;受损 20 分。精神状态:了解自身局限 0 分;高估或忘记自身局限 15 分。总分为 0 至 125。各医院的风险分界值不同;常用的一套是 0–24 低风险,25–44 中度风险,45 及以上为高风险。
答案: HCO₃⁻ = 20.2 mmol/L
预期代偿:代谢性酸中毒时,温特公式预测 PaCO₂ = 1.5·HCO₃⁻ + 8 ± 2 mmHg;实测值高于该范围提示合并呼吸性酸中毒,低于该范围提示合并呼吸性碱中毒。阴离子间隙 AG = Na⁺ − (Cl⁻ + HCO₃⁻),正常约为 8–12 mmol/L,用于区分高阴离子间隙与正常阴离子间隙代谢性酸中毒;低白蛋白会掩盖升高的间隙(白蛋白低于 4.0 的部分,每 g/dL 加 2.5)。Δ 比值 (AG − 12)/(24 − HCO₃⁻) 约在 0.8 到 2 之间符合单纯高间隙酸中毒(有些教材用 1 代替 0.8),低于此范围提示合并正常间隙酸中毒,高于 2 提示合并代谢性碱中毒。
答案: 合并呼吸性酸中毒
预期代偿:代谢性酸中毒时,温特公式预测 PaCO₂ = 1.5·HCO₃⁻ + 8 ± 2 mmHg;实测值高于该范围提示合并呼吸性酸中毒,低于该范围提示合并呼吸性碱中毒。阴离子间隙 AG = Na⁺ − (Cl⁻ + HCO₃⁻),正常约为 8–12 mmol/L,用于区分高阴离子间隙与正常阴离子间隙代谢性酸中毒;低白蛋白会掩盖升高的间隙(白蛋白低于 4.0 的部分,每 g/dL 加 2.5)。Δ 比值 (AG − 12)/(24 − HCO₃⁻) 约在 0.8 到 2 之间符合单纯高间隙酸中毒(有些教材用 1 代替 0.8),低于此范围提示合并正常间隙酸中毒,高于 2 提示合并代谢性碱中毒。
答案: 心房颤动
节律标准(II 导联):窦性心律每个 QRS 之前都有直立的 P 波,PR 恒定为 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 狭窄:60–100 次/分为正常窦性心律,低于 60 为窦性心动过缓,高于 100 为窦性心动过速。心房颤动:无 P 波,基线呈颤动,R–R 绝对不规则。心房扑动:约 250–350 次/分的锯齿状扑动波,伴固定的传导比例,如 2:1 或 4:1。一度房室传导阻滞:窦性心律,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。交界性心律:窄 QRS,40–60 次/分,P 波缺失或倒置(PR 低于 0.12 s,或 P 波在 QRS 之后)。室性早搏(PVC)是提前出现的宽大(0.12 s 或以上)、形态怪异的 QRS,没有 P 波,T 波方向相反,通常有完全性代偿间歇;二联律是指每隔一个搏动就有一个室性早搏。
答案: 双腔(房室)起搏心律
起搏心律:起搏器脉冲表现为一条细而垂直的起搏钉样信号。心室钉样信号之后的 QRS 是增宽的(0.12 s 或以上),因为冲动是从导线经心肌传播,而不是经传导系统;右心室起搏时,在 II 导联上通常以负向为主。P 波之前的钉样信号表示心房起搏;双腔(房室)起搏器则表现为心房钉样信号加 P 波,再经过程控的房室延迟,出现心室钉样信号和增宽的 QRS。夺获是指每个钉样信号之后都跟着一次除极。夺获失败是指钉样信号之后没有 P 波或 QRS;感知不良(钉样信号无视患者自己的心搏)和起搏不良(该出现钉样信号时没有)是另外两种典型的故障。
起搏产生的 QRS 本来就是增宽的;不要称它为束支传导阻滞或室性心律。
本内容为独立练习材料。ExamProblems 与该考试的主办机构没有隶属关系,也未获其认可,考试名称仅用于描述内容。 NCLEX®, NCLEX-RN® and NCLEX-PN® 是 the National Council of State Boards of Nursing, Inc. (NCSBN) 的商标,该机构与 ExamProblems 无关,不为其背书,也不保证其准确性。
ExamProblems · examproblems.com/courses/nclex-rn-practice-questions