感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 40 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
什么是直立性(体位性)低血压?
An 82-year-old takes nine regular medicines and has had two falls this month. What is the most useful next step?
A patient in bed has a generalized tonic-clonic seizure. What should the nurse do?
A nurse teaches new parents about safe infant sleep. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A patient is booked for a CT scan with iodinated contrast. Which of the patient’s medications may need to be held according to protocol?
Which patient needs airborne precautions rather than droplet precautions?
In UK guidance, neutropenic sepsis is commonly defined by a temperature above 38 °C or signs of sepsis with a neutrophil count at or below:
A severely hypothermic patient is in cardiac arrest. Why is resuscitation usually continued until they are rewarmed?
一名服用苯妥英的患者血药水平为 28 mcg/mL(通常范围约 10–20 mcg/mL)。护士预期会有哪些发现?
A patient without symptoms has a finger-stick glucose of 340 mg/dL (18.9 mmol/L). The previous values were normal, and the patient has just peeled an orange. What should the nurse do first?
负荷剂量的作用是什么?
为什么严重高钾血症时要静脉给予胰岛素加葡萄糖?
Why does a large, rapidly forming pericardial effusion lower the blood pressure?
After a fall onto the chest, part of a patient's chest wall moves inward when they breathe in and outward when they breathe out. What does this indicate?
一名右半球卒中的患者忽略盘子左侧的食物。这称为什么?
A patient received IV insulin and glucose for hyperkalaemia an hour ago. What must the nurse monitor over the next few hours?
Which advice may help reduce the risk of a parastomal hernia after stoma surgery?
After a fall, a patient with advanced dementia is agitated, grimacing and guarding the hip, and cannot rate the pain. What should the nurse do?
Which statement describes the "4 Ts" causes of postpartum haemorrhage?
A woman at 30 weeks reports a sudden gush of clear fluid from the vagina without contractions. What is the priority nursing action?
一名法洛四联症患儿在哭闹时突然变得非常青紫、呼吸急促。哪种体位有帮助?
An 8-year-old tells the nurse that her uncle touches her in a way she does not like and asks the nurse to keep it secret. What is the best response?
一名患者说:“我一无是处。没有人关心我。”哪种回应最具治疗性?
On the day after hip surgery, a 58-year-old patient has a new tremor, sweating, anxiety and a fast pulse. He did not report any alcohol use on admission. What should the nurse do?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一个剂量记录在 3:30 AM。哪个条目是 24 小时制中的同一时间?点击它。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一张处方写着口服混悬液½ tbsp,每 12 小时一次,共 7 天。混悬液每瓶 150 mL。按1 tbsp = 15 mL,必须提供多少整瓶N才能完成疗程?
5 mL 的 0.5%(w/v)溶液中含有多少毫克药物 m?
一袋输液在 250 mL 中含 20000 单位药物。医嘱为每小时 1000 单位。泵速 R 应设为多少 mL/h?
医嘱要求在 6 小时内输入 1500 mL。4 小时后你发现袋中还剩 570 mL,而输液仍须按时完成。 必须把泵重新设定为多少 mL/h 的速率 R?
一袋中含有 1 g 药物,溶于 500 mL。医嘱为每分钟 1 mg。泵速 R 应设为多少 mL/h?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一份含 50 单位普通胰岛素、容量 50 mL 的输液以 6 mL/h 输注。患者每小时接受多少单位 D?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一袋中含dobutamine 500 mg,容量 250 mL。医嘱为 10 mcg/kg/min,患者体重 96 kg。输液泵速率 R 应设为多少 mL/h? 保留一位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 8 小时班次中的出入量。静脉输液在整个班次中按所示速率输注。求液体平衡 B = 入量 − 出量,以 mL 计(答案为负表示净丢失)。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一袋 500 mL 的液体于 06:15 开始用输液泵以 50 mL/h 输注。到 10:45 时袋中还剩多少 mL V?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一张练习图表记录了 GCS 11,其中 E3 和 V4。记录的运动评分M是多少,它描述的是哪种反应?请给出数字。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 出生后 5 分钟,一名练习用新生儿的表现为:全身皮肤青紫或苍白,无心跳,刺激后无反应,四肢松软,没有肌张力,无呼吸。 为 Apgar 评分并点击该评分的解读。
某练习血气显示 PaCO₂ 27 mmHg (3.6 kPa)。利用规则:在急性呼吸性碱中毒中,PaCO₂ 每比 40 低出 10 mmHg,HCO₃⁻ 下降 2 mmol/L,以HCO₃⁻ 24 mmol/L 为起点,求预期HCO₃⁻。
某练习血气显示代谢性酸中毒:pH 7.28,PaCO₂ 22 mmHg (2.9 kPa),HCO₃⁻ 10 mmol/L。把实测的PaCO₂与温特公式比较。点选你的解读。
解读这条 II 导联心律条带。这是什么节律?点击你的答案。
这条 II 导联心电图显示房室传导阻滞,所以心房和心室以不同的频率搏动。测量 P–P 间期,求出心房率(单位:次/分,1500 法,取整数)。
答案: A · 站起时血压下降,常引起头晕
直立性低血压是转为直立体位时血压下降。它在老年人中以及服用某些药物时很常见,会增加跌倒风险。
答案: A · Ask for a full medication review
Polypharmacy increases the risk of falls, side effects and interactions in older adults. A review by the prescriber or pharmacist can stop or adjust medicines safely.
答案: D · Turn the patient on their side and protect them from injury without restraining
The nurse stays with the patient, turns them to the side to keep the airway clear, moves hard objects away and times the seizure. Objects in the mouth and restraint can cause injury.
答案: C · “We will put a soft bumper pad and a blanket in the crib so the baby is cozy.”
Soft bedding, bumpers and loose blankets increase the risk of suffocation and sudden infant death. The crib should hold only a firm mattress with a fitted sheet.
答案: C · Metformin
If contrast causes kidney injury, metformin can build up and cause lactic acidosis. Protocols often hold metformin around the procedure, especially when kidney function is reduced.
答案: D · A child with chickenpox (varicella)
Varicella spreads by the airborne route (and contact), so it needs an airborne infection isolation room. Influenza, pertussis and mumps are spread mainly by droplets.
答案: D · 0.5 × 109/L
Neutropenic sepsis is defined by a neutrophil count of 0.5 × 109/L or lower with fever or other signs of sepsis. It needs empirical antibiotics within one hour.
答案: C · The cold protects the brain, so recovery may be possible after long resuscitation
Hypothermia reduces the brain's oxygen needs, and good recoveries have occurred after long resuscitation. Death is usually not confirmed until the patient has been rewarmed, unless injuries are clearly not survivable.
答案: B · 眼球震颤、步态不稳和言语含糊
苯妥英中毒引起眼球震颤、共济失调、言语含糊和嗜睡。护士应暂停该剂量并通知开医嘱者。白蛋白低时游离(活性)药物增多,因此即使总浓度正常也可发生中毒。
答案: B · Have the patient wash and dry their hands, then repeat the test
Sugar residue on the fingers can give a falsely high finger-stick result. The hands are washed with soap and water and dried, and the test repeated. If the value is still high, it is confirmed and reported. Treating a false result could cause hypoglycemia.
答案: C · 快速达到目标血药浓度
负荷剂量填满分布容积,使有效浓度立即达到,而不必等待 4–5 个半衰期达到稳态。
答案: A · 胰岛素使钾从血液转移到细胞内
胰岛素激活 Na⁺/K⁺-ATP 酶,把钾驱入细胞,在数分钟内降低血钾水平。给予葡萄糖是为了防止低血糖。这种作用是暂时的,仍须把钾排出体外。
答案: D · It compresses the heart and stops the ventricles filling
The pericardial sac is fairly inelastic, so fluid that collects quickly raises the pressure around the heart. The ventricles cannot fill in diastole, stroke volume falls and the blood pressure drops. This is cardiac tamponade, treated by pericardiocentesis.
答案: C · A flail chest from ribs broken in more than one place
A flail segment occurs when adjacent ribs are fractured in two or more places, so the segment moves paradoxically. It is often associated with lung contusion and respiratory failure. Management includes oxygen, strong analgesia and sometimes ventilation or surgical fixation.
答案: D · 左侧忽略
右半球卒中常引起对左侧空间和左侧身体的忽略。护士可能需要提示患者向左侧扫视,并应将环境布置得安全。失语是左半球损害的典型表现。
答案: D · Capillary glucose, for hypoglycaemia
Hypoglycaemia is a common complication of insulin–glucose treatment and can occur several hours later, especially in kidney failure. Glucose is checked regularly according to protocol, and potassium is rechecked.
答案: B · Avoid heavy lifting early on and use support garments as advised
Avoiding heavy lifting in the early months, supporting the abdomen when coughing, gentle core exercises as advised by the stoma team and a healthy weight may reduce risk.
答案: A · Use an observational pain tool, give analgesia and reassess
In dementia, pain often appears as agitation or guarding. An observational tool supports assessment; analgesia is given and effect reassessed. The hip is also assessed for injury such as a fracture.
答案: C · Tone, trauma, tissue and thrombin
The 4 Ts are tone (atony), trauma (tears, haematomas, rupture), tissue (retained placenta or clots) and thrombin (clotting disorders). Tone is the most common cause.
答案: B · Assess the fetal heart rate and check the fluid, and avoid a digital examination
Preterm prelabour rupture of membranes is suspected. The nurse assesses the fetal heart rate and the fluid's colour, amount and odour, and avoids digital examinations, which raise the risk of infection.
答案: D · 膝胸卧位(或蹲踞)
屈膝贴胸可提高体循环血管阻力,使右向左分流减少,更多血液流向肺部。应保持孩子平静,给氧并呼叫援助。
答案: A · Listen calmly, praise her for telling, explain it must be shared, and follow safeguarding
The nurse listens without showing shock, reassures the child, avoids leading questions, records her words accurately and explains that people who can help need to know. The concern is reported at once through the safeguarding procedure.
答案: C · “你觉得没有人关心你。再多跟我说说。”
反映是承认患者的感受并鼓励其继续说下去。反驳、不赞成或转移话题都会阻碍沟通。
答案: A · Ask him and his family about his alcohol use and the time of his last drink, and report the findings
Unexpected alcohol withdrawal is common in surgical patients. Asking about drinking, using a withdrawal scale and reporting early allows treatment before seizures or delirium tremens develop.
答案: 03:30
24 小时制:下午 1 点起,小时数加 12(下午 3:45 = 15:45)。午夜到凌晨 12:59 为 00:00–00:59,中午 12:00–12:59 仍为 12:00–12:59。反过来换算时,13–23 点减 12 并标为下午;00 点变为凌晨 12 点。跨午夜计算时间要分两段:先算到 24:00(00:00),再从 00:00 算起。
答案: N = 1
量纲分析:先写出已知量,再乘以写成分数形式的换算系数(例如 60 min/1 h 或 1 mg/1000 mcg),使每个不需要的单位在分子和分母各出现一次并相互约去。只剩下所求单位时再计算。使用题目给出的等量关系,只对最终答案取整。
答案: m = 25 mg
Solution strengths: a percentage strength is grams per 100 mL, so 1% = 1 g/100 mL = 10 mg/mL. A ratio strength 1:1000 means 1 g in 1000 mL = 1 mg/mL; 1:10 000 is 0.1 mg/mL. For a dilution the amount of drug stays the same: C₁·V₁ = C₂·V₂.
答案: R = 12.5 mL/h
剂量计算:给药量等于医嘱剂量除以现有药物的规格,再乘以该规格对应的量:给药量 = (医嘱剂量/储备规格) × 储备体积。始终统一单位(先把 g 换成 mg,mg 换成 mcg),并检查答案是否合理。
答案: R = 285 mL/h
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
许多医院允许在不重开医嘱的情况下进行不超过 25% 的此类调整;请查阅本院规定。
答案: R = 30 mL/h
Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).
答案: D = 6 件/h
肝素和胰岛素输注:浓度 = 袋中单位数/袋容量 (units/mL)。泵速 (mL/h) = 每小时单位数/浓度,每小时单位数 = mL/h × 浓度。按体重给药时,先求 units/h = units/kg/h × 体重。推注体积 = 所需单位数/药瓶规格。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: R = 28.8 mL/h
滴定输注:先求以 mcg/mL 计的浓度(mg × 1000/mL)。按体重给药时,mcg/min = mcg/kg/min × 体重。然后 mL/h = mcg/min × 60/浓度。反推时,mcg/kg/min = mL/h × 浓度/(60 × 体重)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: B = −350 mL
出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
为负:患者丢失的液体多于摄入的液体。
答案: V = 275 mL
输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: M = 4
格拉斯哥昏迷量表:把三个方面的最佳反应相加。睁眼 E:4 自发,3 对声音或言语,2 对压迫,1 无。言语 V:5 定向正常,4 意识模糊,3 用词不恰当,2 发出无法理解的声音,1 无。运动 M:6 遵嘱动作,5 定位,4 正常屈曲(回缩),3 异常屈曲,2 伸展,1 无。总分为 3 至 15。头部损伤后,13–15 通常称为轻度,9–12 为中度,3–8 为重度。
答案: 低
Apgar 评分:五项体征,每项评 0、1 或 2 分,在出生后 1 分钟和 5 分钟检查。外观(肤色):青紫或苍白 0 分,躯干粉红、四肢青紫 1 分,全身粉红 2 分。脉搏:无 0 分,低于 100 次/分 1 分,100 次/分或以上 2 分。反射(反射应激性):无 0 分,做鬼脸 1 分,哭叫、咳嗽或打喷嚏 2 分。肌张力(活动):松软 0 分,略有屈曲 1 分,活动活跃 2 分。呼吸:无 0 分,缓慢或不规则、哭声微弱 1 分,良好、哭声响亮 2 分。总分 7–10 为令人放心,4–6 为中度异常,0–3 为低。
5 分钟时低于 7 分,通常每 5 分钟重复评分一次,直至 20 分钟。
答案: HCO₃⁻ = 21.4 mmol/L
预期代偿:代谢性酸中毒时,温特公式预测 PaCO₂ = 1.5·HCO₃⁻ + 8 ± 2 mmHg;实测值高于该范围提示合并呼吸性酸中毒,低于该范围提示合并呼吸性碱中毒。阴离子间隙 AG = Na⁺ − (Cl⁻ + HCO₃⁻),正常约为 8–12 mmol/L,用于区分高阴离子间隙与正常阴离子间隙代谢性酸中毒;低白蛋白会掩盖升高的间隙(白蛋白低于 4.0 的部分,每 g/dL 加 2.5)。Δ 比值 (AG − 12)/(24 − HCO₃⁻) 约在 0.8 到 2 之间符合单纯高间隙酸中毒(有些教材用 1 代替 0.8),低于此范围提示合并正常间隙酸中毒,高于 2 提示合并代谢性碱中毒。
答案: 适当的代偿
预期代偿:代谢性酸中毒时,温特公式预测 PaCO₂ = 1.5·HCO₃⁻ + 8 ± 2 mmHg;实测值高于该范围提示合并呼吸性酸中毒,低于该范围提示合并呼吸性碱中毒。阴离子间隙 AG = Na⁺ − (Cl⁻ + HCO₃⁻),正常约为 8–12 mmol/L,用于区分高阴离子间隙与正常阴离子间隙代谢性酸中毒;低白蛋白会掩盖升高的间隙(白蛋白低于 4.0 的部分,每 g/dL 加 2.5)。Δ 比值 (AG − 12)/(24 − HCO₃⁻) 约在 0.8 到 2 之间符合单纯高间隙酸中毒(有些教材用 1 代替 0.8),低于此范围提示合并正常间隙酸中毒,高于 2 提示合并代谢性碱中毒。
答案: 室上性心动过速(SVT)
节律标准(II 导联):窦性心律每个 QRS 之前都有直立的 P 波,PR 恒定为 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 狭窄:60–100 次/分为正常窦性心律,低于 60 为窦性心动过缓,高于 100 为窦性心动过速。心房颤动:无 P 波,基线呈颤动,R–R 绝对不规则。心房扑动:约 250–350 次/分的锯齿状扑动波,伴固定的传导比例,如 2:1 或 4:1。一度房室传导阻滞:窦性心律,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。交界性心律:窄 QRS,40–60 次/分,P 波缺失或倒置(PR 低于 0.12 s,或 P 波在 QRS 之后)。室性早搏(PVC)是提前出现的宽大(0.12 s 或以上)、形态怪异的 QRS,没有 P 波,T 波方向相反,通常有完全性代偿间歇;二联律是指每隔一个搏动就有一个室性早搏。 窄 QRS 心动过速与停顿:室上性心动过速(SVT)是规则的心动过速,约 150–250 次/分钟,QRS 波群较窄;P 波通常看不到,因为它们隐藏在 QRS 波群或 T 波中。成人静息时的窦性心动过速通常低于约 150 次/分钟,且每个 QRS 前都有可见的 P 波;伴 2:1 传导的心房扑动常在约 150 次/分钟,并显示锯齿波。窦性停搏是指窦房结暂时停止发放冲动:出现既无 P 波也无 QRS 的停顿,其长度不是 P–P 周期的整数倍(恰好两个或三个周期的停顿则提示窦房传导阻滞)。
答案: 心房率 = 79 bpm
房室传导阻滞:逐个标出 P 波,检查哪些 P 波后面跟着 QRS。一度:每个 P 波都下传,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。二度 I 型(Mobitz I,文氏现象):PR 逐搏延长,直到一个 P 波未下传,然后周期重新开始(成组搏动)。二度 II 型(Mobitz II):下传搏动的 PR 保持恒定,P 波突然不下传;QRS 常增宽。三度(完全性)阻滞:P 波和 QRS 波群各自规则但互相独立,PR 随机变化,心房率快于逸搏率(交界性逸搏 40–60 次/分,QRS 窄;室性逸搏 20–40 次/分,QRS 宽)。2:1 阻滞仅凭一份条带无法判断是 I 型还是 II 型。
三度阻滞,伴窄 QRS 交界性逸搏(通常为 40–60 次/分)。
本内容为独立练习材料。ExamProblems 与该考试的主办机构没有隶属关系,也未获其认可,考试名称仅用于描述内容。 NCLEX®, NCLEX-RN® and NCLEX-PN® 是 the National Council of State Boards of Nursing, Inc. (NCSBN) 的商标,该机构与 ExamProblems 无关,不为其背书,也不保证其准确性。
ExamProblems · examproblems.com/courses/nclex-rn-practice-questions