感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 40 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
A goal states: "The patient will report pain of 3/10 or less within one hour of analgesia." After one hour the patient reports 6/10. What should the nurse do?
Which feature suggests that a sore area is a moisture lesion rather than a pressure ulcer?
A nurse wants to set up a sterile field in the morning for a procedure that will take place after lunch. What is correct?
A newly hired nurse has these hepatitis B results: HBsAg negative, anti-HBs positive, anti-HBc negative. What do they show?
Before accessing a central venous catheter, what should the nurse do to prevent infection?
A 2-month-old infant has a spiral fracture of the femur. The parents say the baby rolled off the sofa. What should the nurse recognize?
A patient with sickle cell disease is admitted with a painful crisis. What is a key early nursing priority?
A patient with a central venous catheter develops fever and rigors shortly after the line is flushed, with no other obvious source. What should be suspected?
一名服用华法林的患者开始每天大量食用羽衣甘蓝和菠菜。INR 已下降。哪项建议最恰当?
At the start of a shift, the nurse reviews four new results. Which patient needs attention first?
静脉用万古霉素常用于治疗由什么引起的感染?
A patient who used heroin a few hours ago is given a first dose of buprenorphine and quickly develops severe withdrawal. Why?
什么是射血分数?
心脏手术后一小时,纵隔引流管引出 350 mL 鲜红色血液,心率正在上升。护士应怎么做?
一名服用卡比马唑治疗甲状腺功能亢进的患者主诉咽痛和发热。护士应怎么做?
Which statement correctly distinguishes spinal shock from neurogenic shock?
What are anticipatory ("just in case") medicines at the end of life usually prescribed for?
During bowel preparation, an older patient becomes dizzy and confused. Blood tests show sodium 127 mmol/L. What should the nurse do?
A woman at 16 weeks has an amniocentesis. Which instruction after the procedure is correct?
A woman at 32 weeks with type 1 diabetes has nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, rapid breathing and a glucose of 16 mmol/L (about 290 mg/dL). Which complication should be suspected?
Until when is a child with chickenpox usually considered infectious?
A 6-year-old has threadworms. Which plan is correct?
How does aripiprazole differ from most other antipsychotics?
A patient starting clozapine is being taught about blood tests. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一名新生儿体重 7 lb 4 oz。按 1 lb = 16 oz 和 1 kg = 2.2 lb,求以千克表示的体重m。取到两位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一个班次中,患者摄入了1 tbsp / 液体营养补充剂, 3 fl oz / 果汁, ½ 杯 / 茶。按给出的等量关系,求以 mL 表示的口服总摄入量V。
一名体重 32 kg 的儿童按 5 mg/kg 处方用药。原液浓度为 50 mg/mL。请抽取剂量:应给多少体积 V?
一袋输液在 1000 mL 中含 25000 单位药物。医嘱为每小时 1000 单位。泵速 R 应设为多少 mL/h?
滴注以 30 gtt/min 的速度通过滴系数为 60 gtt/mL 的输液器。患者在 12 小时内接受多少毫升 V?
将 500 mg 药物稀释于 500 mL 中,通过滴系数为 20 gtt/mL 的输液器重力滴注。医嘱为每小时 30 mg。求滴速 R,以每分钟滴数表示。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一份输液含普通胰岛素 100 单位,容量 100 mL。医嘱为 0.05 units/kg/h,患者体重 82 kg。求泵速 R,以 mL/h 计。 保留一位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一份含dobutamine 500 mg、容量 250 mL 的输液以 24 mL/h 输注。患者体重 106 kg。患者接受的剂量 D 是多少 mcg/kg/min? 保留一位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 8 小时班次中的出入量。静脉输液在整个班次中按所示速率输注。求液体平衡 B = 入量 − 出量,以 mL 计(答案为负表示净丢失)。 冰屑按其体积的一半计。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一份 500 mL 的输液于 14:00 开始以 100 mL/h 输注。4 小时后速率改为 60 mL/h,之后不再改变。从开始算起多少小时 t 后袋子会输完? 保留一位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一张练习图表记录了 GCS 14,其中 E4 和 V4。记录的运动评分M是多少,它描述的是哪种反应?请给出数字。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 对这些观察结果使用 NEWS2 图表(SpO₂ 量表 1):呼吸频率 9 次/分,SpO₂ 93%吸室内空气,血压 90/54 mmHg,脉搏 76 次/分,清醒,体温 37.2 °C。患者属于哪个临床风险组?点击它。
某练习血气显示 PaCO₂ 71 mmHg (9.5 kPa)。利用规则:在慢性呼吸性酸中毒中,PaCO₂ 每比 40 高出 10 mmHg,HCO₃⁻ 升高 3.5 mmol/L,以HCO₃⁻ 24 mmol/L 为起点,求预期HCO₃⁻。
在海平面,某练习血气取自吸入 28% 氧气时,显示 PaO₂ 60 mmHg (8.0 kPa),PaCO₂ 38 mmHg (5.1 kPa)。用 PAO₂ = FiO₂·(760 − 47) − PaCO₂/0.8 求A–a 梯度。
测量这条 II 导联心电图上的QT 间期,以秒为单位。
这位患者装有起搏器。请解读这条 II 导联心电图条带。点击你的答案。
答案: B · Record the goal as not met and review the plan
Evaluation compares the outcome with the goal. The goal was not met, so the nurse reassesses, reports and revises the plan, for example with a different analgesic.
答案: B · Diffuse, irregular redness in a skin fold, not over a bone
Moisture lesions are usually superficial, diffuse and irregular, often in the natal cleft or skin folds. Pressure ulcers are typically over bony prominences and may have necrotic tissue.
答案: A · Set it up just before the procedure, because a waiting field may become contaminated
The longer a sterile field is exposed, the more likely it is to be contaminated, and an unattended field cannot be considered sterile. It is prepared just before use.
答案: C · Immunity from hepatitis B vaccination
The vaccine contains surface antigen, so it produces anti-HBs only. A negative anti-HBc shows there has been no natural infection, and a negative HBsAg rules out current infection.
答案: B · Scrub the hub with an antiseptic such as chlorhexidine and let it dry
Scrubbing the needleless connector with an antiseptic, such as chlorhexidine or alcohol, and letting it dry reduces central line infections. Aseptic technique is used for every access.
答案: B · The injury does not fit the infant’s development, so possible abuse must be reported
Most 2-month-olds cannot roll, and a spiral fracture in a non-mobile infant suggests a twisting force. Nurses must report suspected abuse according to law and policy.
答案: C · Giving prompt, effective analgesia
A sickle cell crisis needs rapid analgesia, often opioids, within a short target time, plus hydration, oxygen if hypoxic, warmth and monitoring for complications. Cold can trigger more sickling.
答案: A · A catheter-related bloodstream infection
Rigors after flushing suggest bacteria colonising the catheter. Blood cultures are taken (often from the line and a peripheral vein) and the team decides whether to remove the line.
答案: C · 保持富含维生素 K 的食物摄入量每天稳定
维生素 K 拮抗华法林,因此叶类蔬菜大量增加会使 INR 降低。患者不必避免这些食物,但应保持摄入量一致,以便正确设定剂量。核对依据: Warfarin · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026); Taking warfarin · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答案: C · Sodium 119 mEq/L in a patient with new confusion and vomiting
Severe hyponatremia with confusion and vomiting suggests cerebral edema and can progress to seizures and coma. The other results are mildly abnormal and expected for those conditions, so they are less urgent.核对依据: Low blood sodium - Medical Encyclopedia · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025); Sodium Blood Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)
答案: C · MRSA
万古霉素是一种糖肽类抗生素,阻断革兰氏阳性菌的细胞壁合成,是治疗 MRSA 的标准选择。它不能穿过革兰氏阴性菌的外膜。
答案: D · Buprenorphine is a high-affinity partial agonist that displaces heroin
Buprenorphine binds mu receptors more strongly than heroin but activates them less, so it can precipitate withdrawal. Induction is started when the patient already has mild to moderate withdrawal signs.
答案: B · 每次心搏射出的心室血量所占的百分比
射血分数 = 每搏量 ÷ 舒张末期容积,正常约为 50–70%。射血分数降低的心力衰竭通常定义为 40% 或更低。心输出量是每分钟的容量,每搏量是每次心搏的容量。
答案: B · 立即报告外科团队
引流量超过约 100–200 mL/h(或突然大量新鲜血液),尤其是伴有心动过速或低血压时,可能提示外科出血,需要紧急评估。夹闭管路可能导致心脏压塞。引流突然停止并伴有血压下降,也可能提示压塞。
答案: A · 安排紧急全血细胞计数,排查粒细胞缺乏症
硫脲类药物(卡比马唑、甲巯咪唑、丙硫氧嘧啶)可引起粒细胞缺乏症,这是一种罕见但危及生命的中性粒细胞下降。应教导患者立即报告咽痛、发热或口腔溃疡,并紧急检查血常规;如果中性粒细胞偏低则停药。
答案: D · Spinal shock is lost reflexes; neurogenic shock is low BP and slow pulse
Spinal shock is the temporary loss of reflexes and tone below the injury. Neurogenic shock is hypotension and bradycardia caused by loss of sympathetic tone, usually with injuries at T6 or above. The two can occur together.
答案: D · Pain, nausea, agitation and respiratory secretions
Anticipatory medicines are prescribed in advance, usually for subcutaneous use, so that common end-of-life symptoms can be treated quickly without delay, especially at home.
答案: B · Stop the preparation and escalate to the medical team
Bowel preparation can cause dehydration and electrolyte disturbance, including hyponatraemia, especially in older people. Confusion with low sodium needs prompt medical review, and further prep is withheld until assessed.
答案: C · Report fever, leaking fluid or bleeding
After amniocentesis, she should report fever, leaking fluid, bleeding, severe cramps or reduced movements. Rh-negative women receive anti-D. Normal activity can usually resume soon.
答案: D · Diabetic ketoacidosis
Diabetic ketoacidosis can develop quickly in pregnancy, even at moderately raised glucose, and carries a high risk of fetal death. Ketones and blood gases are checked urgently, and fluids and insulin are started.
答案: D · Until all the blisters have crusted over
Chickenpox is contagious from about 1–2 days before the rash until all lesions have crusted, usually about 5 days after the rash appears. Children stay home from school or nursery until then.
答案: B · Treat the whole household, with hand washing, short nails and a morning wash
Threadworm eggs spread easily within households, so all members are usually treated at the same time. Hygiene measures break the cycle of reinfection; exclusion from school is not needed.
答案: A · It is a partial agonist at dopamine D2 receptors
As a partial agonist, aripiprazole lowers dopamine activity where it is high and supports it where it is low. It is less likely to raise prolactin or cause sedation, but akathisia is a common side effect.
答案: D · "After a few months I can stop having blood tests."
Blood count monitoring is most frequent in the first months of clozapine treatment but continues throughout treatment, because agranulocytosis can occur at any time.
答案: m = 3.3 kg
家用计量和体重:护理考试使用取整的等量关系:1 茶匙(tsp)= 5 mL,1 汤匙(tbsp)= 15 mL = 3 tsp,1 液量盎司(fl oz)= 30 mL = 2 tbsp,1 杯 = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重方面,1 kg = 2.2 lb,1 lb = 16 oz;长度方面,1 英寸 = 2.54 cm。设置换算时,要让你不需要的单位相互约去。
答案: V = 225 mL
家用计量和体重:护理考试使用取整的等量关系:1 茶匙(tsp)= 5 mL,1 汤匙(tbsp)= 15 mL = 3 tsp,1 液量盎司(fl oz)= 30 mL = 2 tbsp,1 杯 = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重方面,1 kg = 2.2 lb,1 lb = 16 oz;长度方面,1 英寸 = 2.54 cm。设置换算时,要让你不需要的单位相互约去。
答案: V = 3.2 mL
抽取剂量:体积 = (处方剂量/药物浓度) × 药物体积。先换算成相同的单位,再检查该体积是否适合注射器,并落在它的某一个刻度上。
在这支 10 mL 的注射器上,每条小刻度线代表 0.2 mL。
答案: R = 40 mL/h
剂量计算:给药量等于医嘱剂量除以现有药物的规格,再乘以该规格对应的量:给药量 = (医嘱剂量/储备规格) × 储备体积。始终统一单位(先把 g 换成 mg,mg 换成 mcg),并检查答案是否合理。
答案: V = 360 mL
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
答案: R = 10 gtt/min
Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).
答案: R = 4.1 mL/h
肝素和胰岛素输注:浓度 = 袋中单位数/袋容量 (units/mL)。泵速 (mL/h) = 每小时单位数/浓度,每小时单位数 = mL/h × 浓度。按体重给药时,先求 units/h = units/kg/h × 体重。推注体积 = 所需单位数/药瓶规格。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: D = 7.5 mcg/kg/min
滴定输注:先求以 mcg/mL 计的浓度(mg × 1000/mL)。按体重给药时,mcg/min = mcg/kg/min × 体重。然后 mL/h = mcg/min × 60/浓度。反推时,mcg/kg/min = mL/h × 浓度/(60 × 体重)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: B = 1125 mL
出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
为正:摄入的液体多于排出的液体。
答案: t = 5.7 h
输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
约为 5 h 40 min,所以袋子大约在 19:40 输完。
答案: M = 6
格拉斯哥昏迷量表:把三个方面的最佳反应相加。睁眼 E:4 自发,3 对声音或言语,2 对压迫,1 无。言语 V:5 定向正常,4 意识模糊,3 用词不恰当,2 发出无法理解的声音,1 无。运动 M:6 遵嘱动作,5 定位,4 正常屈曲(回缩),3 异常屈曲,2 伸展,1 无。总分为 3 至 15。头部损伤后,13–15 通常称为轻度,9–12 为中度,3–8 为重度。
答案: 中
NEWS2(国家早期预警评分 2,英国皇家内科医师学会 2017):按图表为七个参数分别评分(呼吸频率、量表 1 的 SpO₂、吸空气还是吸氧、收缩压、脉搏、按 ACVPU 量表评定的意识状态和体温),然后把分数相加。临床风险:0–4 为低;任何单项参数得 3 分为中低;5–6 为中;7 或以上为高。总分 5 或以上需要紧急响应。
总分 5 或以上需要紧急的临床响应。
答案: HCO₃⁻ = 34.85 mmol/L
预期代偿:代谢性酸中毒时,温特公式预测 PaCO₂ = 1.5·HCO₃⁻ + 8 ± 2 mmHg;实测值高于该范围提示合并呼吸性酸中毒,低于该范围提示合并呼吸性碱中毒。阴离子间隙 AG = Na⁺ − (Cl⁻ + HCO₃⁻),正常约为 8–12 mmol/L,用于区分高阴离子间隙与正常阴离子间隙代谢性酸中毒;低白蛋白会掩盖升高的间隙(白蛋白低于 4.0 的部分,每 g/dL 加 2.5)。Δ 比值 (AG − 12)/(24 − HCO₃⁻) 约在 0.8 到 2 之间符合单纯高间隙酸中毒(有些教材用 1 代替 0.8),低于此范围提示合并正常间隙酸中毒,高于 2 提示合并代谢性碱中毒。
答案: A–a 梯度 = 92.14 mmHg
衍生数值:计算所得的血清渗透压为 2·Na⁺ + 葡萄糖 + 尿素,各值均以 mmol/L 计(葡萄糖和 BUN 以 mg/dL 计时为 2·Na⁺ + 葡萄糖/18 + BUN/2.8);正常约为 275–295 mOsm/kg。P/F 比值是 PaO₂ 除以以小数表示的 FiO₂。海平面的肺泡氧分压为 PAO₂ = FiO₂·(760 − 47) − PaCO₂/0.8 mmHg,A–a 梯度为 PAO₂ − PaO₂。
答案: QT = 0.4 s
QT 与 QTc:QT 间期从 QRS 波群起点到 T 波终点。它随心率加快而缩短,因此要用以秒为单位的 R–R 间期按心率校正:Bazett QTc = QT/√RR,Fridericia QTc = QT/∛RR。多数教科书使用 Bazett 公式;它在心率快时校正过度,此时宜用 Fridericia。各参考标准的界限不同:QTc 男性高于约 0.45 s、女性高于约 0.46 s 通常称为延长,高于 0.50 s 称为明显延长。
粗略的规则:在正常心率下,QT 应小于 R–R 间期的一半(此处 R–R = 1.08 s)。
答案: 双腔(房室)起搏心律
起搏心律:起搏器脉冲表现为一条细而垂直的起搏钉样信号。心室钉样信号之后的 QRS 是增宽的(0.12 s 或以上),因为冲动是从导线经心肌传播,而不是经传导系统;右心室起搏时,在 II 导联上通常以负向为主。P 波之前的钉样信号表示心房起搏;双腔(房室)起搏器则表现为心房钉样信号加 P 波,再经过程控的房室延迟,出现心室钉样信号和增宽的 QRS。夺获是指每个钉样信号之后都跟着一次除极。夺获失败是指钉样信号之后没有 P 波或 QRS;感知不良(钉样信号无视患者自己的心搏)和起搏不良(该出现钉样信号时没有)是另外两种典型的故障。
起搏产生的 QRS 本来就是增宽的;不要称它为束支传导阻滞或室性心律。
本内容为独立练习材料。ExamProblems 与该考试的主办机构没有隶属关系,也未获其认可,考试名称仅用于描述内容。 NCLEX®, NCLEX-RN® and NCLEX-PN® 是 the National Council of State Boards of Nursing, Inc. (NCSBN) 的商标,该机构与 ExamProblems 无关,不为其背书,也不保证其准确性。
ExamProblems · examproblems.com/courses/nclex-rn-practice-questions