感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 40 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
A dying patient has noisy, rattling breathing that is upsetting the family. Which nursing action helps?
A patient describes burning, shooting pain with pins and needles in both feet. Which type of pain is most likely?
Which practice is safe when transferring a patient from a bed to a stretcher?
While preparing a chemotherapy infusion, the drug splashes onto a nurse’s forearm. What should the nurse do first?
A patient at 35 weeks of pregnancy with high blood pressure calls the clinic. Which symptom needs urgent assessment?
A child who had a tonsillectomy this morning is swallowing again and again while asleep. What should the nurse suspect?
Which features suggest Cushing's syndrome?
哪项护理评估最有助于及早发现大手术后患者的病情恶化?
In the US, when is a pregnant woman without known risk factors usually screened for gestational diabetes?
A stable patient's hemoglobin has been 13–14 g/dL for days. Today's result is 8.2 g/dL, but the patient feels well, the vital signs are normal and there is no bleeding. What should the nurse suspect first?
Long-term use of metformin can cause a deficiency of which vitamin?
Why is adenosine used with caution in patients with asthma?
哪项建议有助于预防长途飞行或手术后的 DVT?
Which method best confirms that an endotracheal tube is in the trachea?
服用葡萄糖片十五分钟后,一名患者的血糖从 3.2 升至 5.1 mmol/L。下一餐在两小时后。接下来应怎么做?
A patient on a variable rate IV insulin infusion is nil by mouth. Why is a glucose-containing IV fluid usually given alongside it?
严重急性胰腺炎时可能出现哪种电解质问题?
On day 5 after a major burn, a patient is confused, with a temperature of 39.2 °C, tachycardia, and an offensive, discoloured wound. What should the nurse suspect?
Why is a copper intrauterine device a good contraceptive option for many breastfeeding mothers?
At 4 hours, a newborn's temperature is 37.9 °C (100.2 °F). He is wrapped in three blankets under a heater. What should the nurse do first?
When is the best time to tell a 2-year-old about an upcoming procedure?
A 9-year-old with Down syndrome has new neck pain, clumsy walking and changes in bladder control. What should the nurse suspect?
哪一组表现提示抗精神病药恶性综合征?
使用氟哌啶醇后不久,一名患者的头扭向一侧,双眼固定向上,并诉说喉咙发紧。护士应首先做什么?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一个剂量记录在 5:55 PM。哪个条目是 24 小时制中的同一时间?点击它。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一次输注从 17:05 开始,到次日早晨 08:50 结束(24 小时制)。它运行了多少分钟t?
某患者体重 90 kg。医嘱剂量为每天 5 mg/kg,分 3 次等量给药。每次给多少毫克 D?
一袋输液在 250 mL 中含 20000 单位药物。医嘱为每小时 1500 单位。泵速 R 应设为多少 mL/h?
用滴系数为 15 滴/mL 的输液器在 4 小时内输入 1000 mL。求滴速 R(滴/分)。 取整到最接近的整数。
一袋液体在 100 mL 中含药 400 mg,以 25 mL/h 的速度输注。患者每小时获得多少毫克 D?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一袋中含肝素 25 000 单位,容量 500 mL。医嘱为 16 units/kg/h,患者体重 106 kg。输液泵速率 R 应设为多少 mL/h? 保留一位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一袋中含dobutamine 500 mg,容量 250 mL。医嘱为 2.5 mcg/kg/min,患者体重 66 kg。输液泵速率 R 应设为多少 mL/h? 保留一位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 12 小时班次中的出入量。静脉输液在整个班次中按所示速率输注。求总入量 I,以 mL 计。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一袋 1000 mL 的液体于 09:00 开始用输液泵以 125 mL/h 输注。到 14:00 时袋中还剩多少 mL V?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一位患者的脉搏为 70 次/分,血压为 112/62 mmHg。求休克指数SI = HR/SBP。取到两位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 团队的目标是平均动脉压至少为 70 mmHg。一位患者的收缩压为 86 mmHg。使用 MAP = (SBP + 2·DBP)/3,仍能使 MAP 达到 70 mmHg 的最低舒张压DBP是多少?
某练习血气显示 PaCO₂ 66 mmHg (8.8 kPa)。利用规则:在急性呼吸性酸中毒中,PaCO₂ 每比 40 高出 10 mmHg,HCO₃⁻ 升高 1 mmol/L,以HCO₃⁻ 24 mmol/L 为起点,求预期HCO₃⁻。
某练习血气显示代谢性碱中毒,HCO₃⁻ 32 mmol/L。用预期 PaCO₂ = 0.7·HCO₃⁻ + 21 求预期PaCO₂。
解读这条 II 导联心律条带。这是什么节律?点击你的答案。
识别这条 II 导联心电图上的节律。点击你的答案。
答案: C · Reposition the patient and explain the cause to the family
Noisy "death rattle" breathing comes from secretions in the throat and is not usually distressing to the patient. Repositioning, explanation and sometimes medicines help; deep suction is usually avoided.
答案: D · Neuropathic pain
Neuropathic pain comes from damage to nerves, for example in diabetes, and is often burning, shooting or tingling. It may respond poorly to standard analgesics and need specific drugs.
答案: D · Lock the wheels of both the bed and the stretcher before moving the patient
Both surfaces are locked and at the same height before the transfer, a slide sheet is used and enough staff help. Side rails are raised on the stretcher during transport.
答案: A · Remove contaminated PPE and wash the skin with soap and water at once
Skin exposure to hazardous drugs is washed immediately with soap and water after removing contaminated gloves or gown. The exposure is then reported and treated according to policy.
答案: D · A severe headache with blurred vision
A severe headache and visual changes can be signs of severe pre-eclampsia and a risk of eclampsia. Mild ankle swelling, backache and frequent urination are common in late pregnancy.
答案: C · Bleeding from the operation site
Frequent swallowing after tonsillectomy is a classic sign of bleeding. The nurse checks the throat with a light, looks at vital signs and reports at once.
答案: B · Weight gain around the trunk, a rounded face and thin, easily bruised skin
Excess cortisol causes central obesity, a moon face, thin skin, purple striae, muscle weakness and high glucose. The other options describe hyperthyroidism, Addison's disease and acromegaly.
答案: A · 定期测量全套生命体征,使用早期预警评分并评估变化趋势
NEWS2 等"追踪与触发"系统综合呼吸频率、SpO2、血压、脉搏、意识和体温,以便及早识别病情恶化。
答案: D · At about 24–28 weeks of pregnancy
Placental hormones increase insulin resistance in the second half of pregnancy, so US guidance recommends screening all women at 24–28 weeks, with earlier testing for those with risk factors. In the UK, NICE recommends an oral glucose tolerance test at 24–28 weeks only for women with risk factors.核对依据: Glucose screening tests during pregnancy · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026); Gestational diabetes · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026)
答案: C · A sample taken from the wrong patient
A sudden large change with no clinical change suggests a specimen error, such as wrong blood in the tube or dilution with IV fluid. The nurse assesses the patient, informs the provider and arranges a repeat sample with careful identification, while staying alert for true bleeding.
答案: C · Vitamin B12
Metformin reduces vitamin B12 absorption in the ileum. Deficiency can cause anaemia and neuropathy, so levels may be checked in long-term users.
答案: A · It can cause bronchospasm
Adenosine can trigger bronchospasm in people with asthma or COPD. Other treatment options, such as verapamil, may be chosen.
答案: C · 定期做踝关节运动并摄入足够的液体
小腿肌肉活动、补充水分,以及在有指征时使用合适的加压弹力袜或药物预防,可减少静脉淤滞和血栓形成。翘腿和紧的束带会妨碍静脉回流,而脱水会增加血液黏稠度。
答案: A · A sustained waveform on capnography
A sustained exhaled carbon dioxide waveform confirms tracheal placement. Misting and chest movement can be misleading, and skin colour changes late. A chest X-ray shows the depth of the tube but does not prove it is in the trachea.
答案: D · 给予作用更持久的碳水化合物点心,如三明治
一旦血糖高于 4 mmol/L,作用更持久的碳水化合物(或到点的下一餐)可防止复发。应查明并记录低血糖的原因,如果反复发作,应复核治疗方案。
答案: D · To prevent hypoglycaemia while insulin is running
Without food, an insulin infusion can push glucose too low. A substrate fluid containing glucose is run with the insulin, and glucose is checked hourly so the rate can be adjusted.
答案: D · 低钙血症
脂肪坏死释放脂肪酸,与钙结合(皂化),使血清钙降低。低钙血症是严重程度的标志,可引起手足抽搐和心律失常。而高钙血症则可能是胰腺炎的病因。
答案: B · Burn wound infection with sepsis
Burn patients are at high risk of infection. Wound changes with systemic deterioration suggest sepsis, needing urgent escalation, cultures, IV antibiotics and wound review. The hypermetabolic state causes mild fever, but not these wound changes.
答案: B · It is hormone-free and very effective
The copper IUD contains no hormones, does not affect milk supply and is highly effective for many years. It does not protect against sexually transmitted infections.
答案: D · Remove extra layers and recheck
Overheating from heavy wrapping or a heater can raise a newborn's temperature. The nurse removes extra layers, rechecks the temperature soon and assesses for signs of infection if it stays high.
答案: A · Just before it happens, in simple, concrete words
Toddlers do not understand future time, so preparation long in advance only creates anxiety. A short, honest explanation immediately before, with a parent present and a comfort object, works best.
答案: B · Atlantoaxial instability with spinal cord compression
Children with Down syndrome can have instability between the first two cervical vertebrae. Neck pain, changes in gait, weakness and bladder or bowel changes suggest cord compression and need urgent assessment.
答案: C · 高热、严重的“铅管样”肌强直、意识模糊、血压不稳和 CK 升高
抗精神病药恶性综合征通常在数日内发展,表现为高热、肌强直、意识改变、自主神经不稳和肌酸激酶升高。应停用抗精神病药并给予紧急医疗处理。
答案: A · 紧急寻求医疗帮助并给予处方的抗胆碱能药,同时观察气道
急性肌张力障碍可累及喉部,可能危及生命。按医嘱给予苯扎托品或丙环定等抗胆碱能药,或苯海拉明(常为肠外给药),并监测气道。
答案: 17:55
24 小时制:下午 1 点起,小时数加 12(下午 3:45 = 15:45)。午夜到凌晨 12:59 为 00:00–00:59,中午 12:00–12:59 仍为 12:00–12:59。反过来换算时,13–23 点减 12 并标为下午;00 点变为凌晨 12 点。跨午夜计算时间要分两段:先算到 24:00(00:00),再从 00:00 算起。
答案: t = 945 min
24 小时制:下午 1 点起,小时数加 12(下午 3:45 = 15:45)。午夜到凌晨 12:59 为 00:00–00:59,中午 12:00–12:59 仍为 12:00–12:59。反过来换算时,13–23 点减 12 并标为下午;00 点变为凌晨 12 点。跨午夜计算时间要分两段:先算到 24:00(00:00),再从 00:00 算起。
答案: D = 150 mg
剂量计算:给药量等于医嘱剂量除以现有药物的规格,再乘以该规格对应的量:给药量 = (医嘱剂量/储备规格) × 储备体积。始终统一单位(先把 g 换成 mg,mg 换成 mcg),并检查答案是否合理。
答案: R = 18.75 mL/h
剂量计算:给药量等于医嘱剂量除以现有药物的规格,再乘以该规格对应的量:给药量 = (医嘱剂量/储备规格) × 储备体积。始终统一单位(先把 g 换成 mg,mg 换成 mcg),并检查答案是否合理。
答案: R = 63 gtt/min
输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。
床旁取最接近的整滴:63 滴/分。
答案: D = 100 mg/h
输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。
答案: R = 33.9 mL/h
肝素和胰岛素输注:浓度 = 袋中单位数/袋容量 (units/mL)。泵速 (mL/h) = 每小时单位数/浓度,每小时单位数 = mL/h × 浓度。按体重给药时,先求 units/h = units/kg/h × 体重。推注体积 = 所需单位数/药瓶规格。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: R = 5 mL/h
滴定输注:先求以 mcg/mL 计的浓度(mg × 1000/mL)。按体重给药时,mcg/min = mcg/kg/min × 体重。然后 mL/h = mcg/min × 60/浓度。反推时,mcg/kg/min = mL/h × 浓度/(60 × 体重)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: I = 1660 mL
出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: V = 375 mL
输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: SI = 0.63
血压数值:脉压 PP = SBP − DBP。平均动脉压 MAP ≈ (SBP + 2·DBP)/3 = DBP + PP/3,这是基于正常心率下心脏每搏约有三分之二时间处于舒张期的估算(心率快时准确性下降);MAP 至少约 65 mmHg 是常用的器官灌注目标。休克指数 SI = 心率/SBP,正常约为 0.5–0.7;高于约 1 是休克的警示信号。
在通常的 0.5–0.7 之内或之下。
答案: DBP = 62 mmHg
血压数值:脉压 PP = SBP − DBP。平均动脉压 MAP ≈ (SBP + 2·DBP)/3 = DBP + PP/3,这是基于正常心率下心脏每搏约有三分之二时间处于舒张期的估算(心率快时准确性下降);MAP 至少约 65 mmHg 是常用的器官灌注目标。休克指数 SI = 心率/SBP,正常约为 0.5–0.7;高于约 1 是休克的警示信号。
答案: HCO₃⁻ = 26.6 mmol/L
预期代偿:代谢性酸中毒时,温特公式预测 PaCO₂ = 1.5·HCO₃⁻ + 8 ± 2 mmHg;实测值高于该范围提示合并呼吸性酸中毒,低于该范围提示合并呼吸性碱中毒。阴离子间隙 AG = Na⁺ − (Cl⁻ + HCO₃⁻),正常约为 8–12 mmol/L,用于区分高阴离子间隙与正常阴离子间隙代谢性酸中毒;低白蛋白会掩盖升高的间隙(白蛋白低于 4.0 的部分,每 g/dL 加 2.5)。Δ 比值 (AG − 12)/(24 − HCO₃⁻) 约在 0.8 到 2 之间符合单纯高间隙酸中毒(有些教材用 1 代替 0.8),低于此范围提示合并正常间隙酸中毒,高于 2 提示合并代谢性碱中毒。
答案: PaCO₂ = 43.4 mmHg
预期代偿:代谢性酸中毒时,温特公式预测 PaCO₂ = 1.5·HCO₃⁻ + 8 ± 2 mmHg;实测值高于该范围提示合并呼吸性酸中毒,低于该范围提示合并呼吸性碱中毒。阴离子间隙 AG = Na⁺ − (Cl⁻ + HCO₃⁻),正常约为 8–12 mmol/L,用于区分高阴离子间隙与正常阴离子间隙代谢性酸中毒;低白蛋白会掩盖升高的间隙(白蛋白低于 4.0 的部分,每 g/dL 加 2.5)。Δ 比值 (AG − 12)/(24 − HCO₃⁻) 约在 0.8 到 2 之间符合单纯高间隙酸中毒(有些教材用 1 代替 0.8),低于此范围提示合并正常间隙酸中毒,高于 2 提示合并代谢性碱中毒。
升高是有限度的:仅靠代偿,PaCO₂ 很少超过约 55 mmHg。
答案: 室上性心动过速(SVT)
节律标准(II 导联):窦性心律每个 QRS 之前都有直立的 P 波,PR 恒定为 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 狭窄:60–100 次/分为正常窦性心律,低于 60 为窦性心动过缓,高于 100 为窦性心动过速。心房颤动:无 P 波,基线呈颤动,R–R 绝对不规则。心房扑动:约 250–350 次/分的锯齿状扑动波,伴固定的传导比例,如 2:1 或 4:1。一度房室传导阻滞:窦性心律,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。交界性心律:窄 QRS,40–60 次/分,P 波缺失或倒置(PR 低于 0.12 s,或 P 波在 QRS 之后)。室性早搏(PVC)是提前出现的宽大(0.12 s 或以上)、形态怪异的 QRS,没有 P 波,T 波方向相反,通常有完全性代偿间歇;二联律是指每隔一个搏动就有一个室性早搏。 窄 QRS 心动过速与停顿:室上性心动过速(SVT)是规则的心动过速,约 150–250 次/分钟,QRS 波群较窄;P 波通常看不到,因为它们隐藏在 QRS 波群或 T 波中。成人静息时的窦性心动过速通常低于约 150 次/分钟,且每个 QRS 前都有可见的 P 波;伴 2:1 传导的心房扑动常在约 150 次/分钟,并显示锯齿波。窦性停搏是指窦房结暂时停止发放冲动:出现既无 P 波也无 QRS 的停顿,其长度不是 P–P 周期的整数倍(恰好两个或三个周期的停顿则提示窦房传导阻滞)。
答案: 尖端扭转型室性心动过速
更多室性心律:尖端扭转型室性心动过速是一种多形性室性心动过速,通常为 150–250 次/分钟,其增宽的波群高度不断变化并围绕基线扭转,先向上几个心搏,再向下。教科书将其与 QT 间期延长联系起来,复苏指南中针对它推荐的药物是硫酸镁。室性自搏心律是一种心室逸搏心律:规则、QRS 增宽(0.12 s 或以上)、无 P 波,频率 20–40 次/分钟(加速性室性自搏心律为 40–100 次/分钟)。单形性室速的增宽波群完全相同,频率超过 100 次/分钟。室颤则是混乱的,没有任何重复的波群。
尖端扭转型室性心动过速是与 QT 间期延长相关的多形性 VT。这里只是识别练习。
本内容为独立练习材料。ExamProblems 与该考试的主办机构没有隶属关系,也未获其认可,考试名称仅用于描述内容。 NCLEX®, NCLEX-RN® and NCLEX-PN® 是 the National Council of State Boards of Nursing, Inc. (NCSBN) 的商标,该机构与 ExamProblems 无关,不为其背书,也不保证其准确性。
ExamProblems · examproblems.com/courses/nclex-rn-practice-questions