感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 40 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
How is a 24-hour urine collection started?
Two days after surgery a patient has a temperature of 37.9 °C and reduced breath sounds at the lung bases. What is the most helpful nursing action, alongside reporting it?
Why must visible dirt be removed from equipment before it is disinfected?
一名患者正在持续输注高警示药物。交接班时,哪种做法最安全?
A nurse gives IV morphine for severe pain. When should the nurse reassess the pain and sedation?
A patient suddenly has severe pain in one leg. The leg is pale and cold with no pedal pulse. What does this suggest?
A patient with leukaemia has a very low platelet count. Which nursing precaution is appropriate?
An older man has sudden severe abdominal and back pain, is hypotensive and has a pulsating mass in the abdomen. What should be suspected?
在给予处方的静脉氯化钾之前,哪项评估最重要?
A woman with preeclampsia is receiving IV magnesium sulfate. Her urine output has fallen and her creatinine is rising. Why is this a concern?
A child is starting methylphenidate for ADHD. Which advice is appropriate?
由于肾衰竭,某药的清除率降为原来的一半,而分布容积不变。其半衰期会怎样?
A patient's ankle–brachial pressure index (ABPI) is 0.6. What does this suggest?
A patient with a large pericardial effusion has a systolic pressure that falls by more than 10 mmHg during inspiration. What is this finding called?
头部受伤后,一名患者鼻子里滴出清亮液体。主要的担忧是什么?
A nurse teaches a wheelchair user with a spinal cord injury about skin care. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
为什么教患者咳嗽时用枕头支托腹部伤口?
A patient taking oral capecitabine reports red, painful, peeling palms and soles. What should the nurse do?
When the newborn's head is turned to one side, the arm on that side extends and the other arm flexes. Which reflex is this?
A newborn has a deep dimple with a tuft of hair over the lower spine. What is the significance?
A newborn is still wet a few minutes after birth. Which heat-loss mechanism is the main concern, and how is it prevented?
The 7-year-old brother of a child with cancer has started misbehaving at school. What is the most likely explanation?
Flumazenil reverses benzodiazepine sedation. Why is it used with caution in patients who take benzodiazepines long-term?
A 10-year-old eats only a few foods and refuses others because he fears choking after a frightening episode. He is losing weight but has no concerns about body shape. Which diagnosis fits best?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一位患者的体温为 99.1 °F。用 °C = (°F − 32) × 5/9 把它换算为摄氏度T。取到一位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一张处方写着口服混悬液½ tbsp,每 12 小时一次,共 7 天。混悬液每瓶 100 mL。按1 tbsp = 15 mL,必须提供多少整瓶N才能完成疗程?
某患者体重 70 kg。医嘱剂量为每天 15 mg/kg,分 3 次等量给药。每次给多少毫克 D?
处方为 620 单位的药物,药液规格为 1000 单位/mL。请用 1 mL 注射器抽取剂量:应给多少体积 V?
医嘱要求以 125 mL/h 输液,但没有输液泵。改用滴系数为 60 gtt/mL 的输液器重力滴注。求滴速 R,以每分钟滴数表示。
一组输液以 42 滴/分的速度经 20 滴/mL 的输液器滴注。袋中还剩 300 mL。还需多少小时 t 才会滴完? 保留一位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一份输液含普通胰岛素 100 单位,容量 100 mL。医嘱为 8 units/h。求泵速 R,以 mL/h 计。 保留一位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一份含dobutamine 500 mg、容量 250 mL 的输液以 24 mL/h 输注。患者体重 86 kg。患者接受的剂量 D 是多少 mcg/kg/min? 保留一位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 12 小时班次中的出入量。静脉输液在整个班次中按所示速率输注。求总入量 I,以 mL 计。 冰屑按其体积的一半计。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一袋 500 mL 的液体用输液泵以 125 mL/h 输注。到 22:00 时已输入 50 mL。还要多少小时 t 袋子才会输完? 保留一位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 用 Morse 跌倒评分评估一位练习患者:过去 3 个月内的跌倒史: 否; 次要诊断: 否; 行走辅助: 无、卧床休息或由护士协助; 静脉输液或封管: 否; 步态: 受损; 精神状态: 高估或忘记自身局限。求 Morse 总分MFS。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 用 Morse 跌倒评分评估一位练习患者:过去 3 个月内的跌倒史: 是; 次要诊断: 是; 行走辅助: 无、卧床休息或由护士协助; 静脉输液或封管: 否; 步态: 正常、卧床休息或轮椅; 精神状态: 了解自身局限。使用分界值 0–24 低,25–44 中度,45 或以上高,点击跌倒风险等级。
某练习动脉血气显示 pH 7.51,PaCO₂ 49 mmHg (6.5 kPa),HCO₃⁻ 38 mmol/L。原发性紊乱是代谢性碱中毒。代偿到什么程度?点选你的答案。
某练习血气显示代谢性酸中毒:pH 7.24,PaCO₂ 24 mmHg (3.2 kPa),HCO₃⁻ 10 mmol/L。把实测的PaCO₂与温特公式比较。点选你的解读。
在这条规则的 II 导联心电图上测量 QT 间期和 R–R 间期,然后用 Bazett 公式 QTc = QT/√RR(均以秒计)计算经心率校正的QTc。答案以秒表示,保留三位小数。
依次按五个步骤解读这条 II 导联心电图:心率、节律、P 波、PR 间期、QRS 时限。你在哪一步发现第一个异常?点击它。
答案: B · The first urine of the morning is discarded and the time noted, then all urine is kept
The patient empties the bladder at the start and that urine is discarded. All urine for the next 24 hours is kept, including a final void at the end time.
答案: A · Encourage deep breathing, coughing and getting out of bed
These signs suggest atelectasis or early chest infection. Deep breathing, coughing, adequate pain relief and mobilisation help re-expand the lungs.
答案: A · Organic matter can shield organisms and weaken the disinfectant
Blood, secretions and soil protect organisms and can inactivate disinfectants. Cleaning is always done first, followed by disinfection or sterilization as required.
答案: D · 两名护士对照处方共同核对输注泵和药袋
交接班时在床边核对,沿管路从药袋追溯到患者,并对照处方核对药物、浓度、剂量和速率,可及早发现编程错误。
答案: C · Within about 15–30 minutes
IV opioids act within minutes, so the nurse reassesses pain, sedation and breathing within about 15–30 minutes. Oral analgesics are usually reassessed later, after about an hour.
答案: C · Acute arterial occlusion, which is an emergency
Sudden pain, pallor, coldness and loss of pulse suggest an embolus blocking an artery. The limb can be lost within hours, so the nurse escalates immediately.
答案: C · Use a soft toothbrush and an electric razor
Thrombocytopenia increases bleeding risk. Gentle oral care, electric razors and avoiding IM injections and rectal procedures help prevent bleeding.
答案: C · A ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm
A ruptured AAA classically presents with pain, shock and a pulsatile mass. It is a surgical emergency needing immediate senior help and transfer to theatre.
答案: B · 尿量和肾功能
肾脏排泄钾,因此尿量少或肾衰竭可能导致补钾期间发生危险的高钾血症。静脉钾必须稀释,并通过输液泵输注,绝不能静脉推注。核对依据: High potassium level · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答案: D · Magnesium is excreted by the kidneys, so it can build up to toxic levels
Magnesium is cleared by the kidneys, so falling urine output and rising creatinine raise the risk of toxicity. The nurse checks deep tendon reflexes, respiratory rate and level of consciousness, reports the findings and keeps calcium gluconate available as the antidote.核对依据: Magnesium Toxicity (StatPearls) · StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf) (2026)
答案: D · Give doses early in the day and monitor appetite and growth
Stimulants can cause insomnia, so doses are given in the morning and early afternoon. Reduced appetite can slow growth, so height and weight are tracked.
答案: A · 加倍
半衰期与 Vd 成正比,与清除率成反比。清除率减半使半衰期加倍,因此药物会蓄积,并需要更长时间才能达到稳态。
答案: D · Significant peripheral arterial disease
An ABPI of roughly 1.0–1.3 is normal, and below 0.9 indicates peripheral arterial disease; lower values mean more severe disease. A value above about 1.3 suggests calcified, incompressible vessels, common in diabetes, and is unreliable.
答案: C · Pulsus paradoxus
Pulsus paradoxus is an exaggerated inspiratory fall in systolic pressure (more than 10 mmHg). In tamponade, the right ventricle fills on inspiration and pushes the septum left, reducing left ventricular output. It also occurs in severe asthma. A collapsing pulse suggests aortic regurgitation.
答案: D · 颅骨骨折引起的脑脊液漏
头部受伤后从鼻子或耳朵流出的清亮液体可能是脑脊液,提示颅底骨折。应上报。告知患者不要擤鼻涕,并避免使用鼻管或吸引。脑脊液漏会增加脑膜炎的风险。
答案: B · "I only need to check my skin when something hurts."
Patients usually cannot feel pain below the injury, so pain cannot warn them of pressure damage. They need daily skin checks, often with a mirror, regular pressure relief and good skin hygiene.
答案: B · 它可减轻疼痛和牵拉,使患者能有效咳嗽
支托切口可减轻疼痛和对伤口的压力,使患者能够深呼吸和有效咳嗽,以清除分泌物并预防胸部感染。同时还需要充分的镇痛。
答案: D · Report it; this is hand-foot syndrome and treatment may need changing
Palmar-plantar erythrodysaesthesia (hand-foot syndrome) is common with capecitabine and fluorouracil. It is graded and may need a treatment break or dose reduction; emollients and avoiding heat and friction help.
答案: C · Tonic neck reflex
The asymmetric tonic neck reflex gives a "fencing" posture. It fades over the first months; persistence beyond the expected age can suggest neurological problems.
答案: B · It may be a sign of an underlying spinal defect
A sacral dimple with a hair tuft, swelling or skin change may indicate spina bifida occulta or a tethered cord. It should be reported, and spinal ultrasound is often arranged.
答案: A · Evaporation; dry the baby straight away, including the head
A wet newborn loses heat rapidly through evaporation. Drying the baby at once, removing wet towels, covering the head and skin-to-skin contact all reduce heat loss.
答案: A · He may feel worried, jealous or left out and needs attention and information
Siblings of seriously ill children often feel neglected, anxious, guilty or jealous and may show this through behaviour changes. Family-centred care includes giving siblings age-appropriate information, involvement and time with parents.
答案: D · It can cause sudden withdrawal and seizures
Flumazenil is a benzodiazepine antagonist. In dependent patients, or in mixed overdoses with drugs that lower the seizure threshold, it can trigger acute withdrawal and seizures.
答案: B · Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID)
ARFID involves avoiding or restricting food because of sensory features, lack of interest or fear of consequences such as choking, leading to weight loss or nutritional problems. Unlike anorexia, there is no disturbance in body image.
答案: T = 37.3 °C
温度:°C = (°F − 32) × 5/9,°F = °C × 9/5 + 32。从 °F 换算时先减 32 再乘,从 °C 换算时先乘再加 32。快速核对:37 °C 为 98.6 °F,每 1 °C 相当于 1.8 °F。
答案: N = 2
量纲分析:先写出已知量,再乘以写成分数形式的换算系数(例如 60 min/1 h 或 1 mg/1000 mcg),使每个不需要的单位在分子和分母各出现一次并相互约去。只剩下所求单位时再计算。使用题目给出的等量关系,只对最终答案取整。
答案: D = 350 mg
剂量计算:给药量等于医嘱剂量除以现有药物的规格,再乘以该规格对应的量:给药量 = (医嘱剂量/储备规格) × 储备体积。始终统一单位(先把 g 换成 mg,mg 换成 mcg),并检查答案是否合理。
答案: V = 0.62 mL
抽取剂量:体积 = (处方剂量/药物浓度) × 药物体积。先换算成相同的单位,再检查该体积是否适合注射器,并落在它的某一个刻度上。
在这支 1 mL 的注射器上,每条小刻度线代表 0.01 mL。
答案: R = 125 gtt/min
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
使用微滴输液器(60 gtt/mL)时,gtt/min 等于 mL/h。
答案: t = 2.4 h
输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。
答案: R = 8 mL/h
肝素和胰岛素输注:浓度 = 袋中单位数/袋容量 (units/mL)。泵速 (mL/h) = 每小时单位数/浓度,每小时单位数 = mL/h × 浓度。按体重给药时,先求 units/h = units/kg/h × 体重。推注体积 = 所需单位数/药瓶规格。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: D = 9.3 mcg/kg/min
滴定输注:先求以 mcg/mL 计的浓度(mg × 1000/mL)。按体重给药时,mcg/min = mcg/kg/min × 体重。然后 mL/h = mcg/min × 60/浓度。反推时,mcg/kg/min = mL/h × 浓度/(60 × 体重)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: I = 1190 mL
出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: t = 3.6 h
输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
约为 3 h 36 min,所以袋子大约在 01:36 输完。
答案: MFS = 35
Morse 跌倒评分:六个条目。跌倒史:否 0 分,是 25 分。次要诊断:否 0 分,是 15 分。行走辅助:无、卧床休息或护士协助 0 分;拐杖、手杖或助行器 15 分;扶着家具 30 分。静脉输液或封管:否 0 分,是 20 分。步态:正常、卧床休息或轮椅 0 分;虚弱 10 分;受损 20 分。精神状态:了解自身局限 0 分;高估或忘记自身局限 15 分。总分为 0 至 125。各医院的风险分界值不同;常用的一套是 0–24 低风险,25–44 中度风险,45 及以上为高风险。
答案: 中度风险
Morse 跌倒评分:六个条目。跌倒史:否 0 分,是 25 分。次要诊断:否 0 分,是 15 分。行走辅助:无、卧床休息或护士协助 0 分;拐杖、手杖或助行器 15 分;扶着家具 30 分。静脉输液或封管:否 0 分,是 20 分。步态:正常、卧床休息或轮椅 0 分;虚弱 10 分;受损 20 分。精神状态:了解自身局限 0 分;高估或忘记自身局限 15 分。总分为 0 至 125。各医院的风险分界值不同;常用的一套是 0–24 低风险,25–44 中度风险,45 及以上为高风险。
答案: 部分代偿
解读血气(ROME):先看 pH:低于 7.35 为酸血症,高于 7.45 为碱血症。然后找出能解释它的指标。PaCO₂(正常 35–45 mmHg,4.7–6.0 kPa)是呼吸方面的指标,在呼吸性紊乱中与 pH 反向(Opposite)变化;HCO₃⁻(正常 22–26 mmol/L)是代谢方面的指标,与 pH 同向变化(Respiratory Opposite, Metabolic Equal,即呼吸性相反,代谢性相同)。另一个指标显示代偿情况:正常表示未代偿;沿着使 pH 回升的方向异常、而 pH 仍然异常,表示部分代偿;pH 正常而两个指标都异常,表示完全代偿。各实验室的范围略有差异;这些是练习用数值。
答案: 适当的代偿
预期代偿:代谢性酸中毒时,温特公式预测 PaCO₂ = 1.5·HCO₃⁻ + 8 ± 2 mmHg;实测值高于该范围提示合并呼吸性酸中毒,低于该范围提示合并呼吸性碱中毒。阴离子间隙 AG = Na⁺ − (Cl⁻ + HCO₃⁻),正常约为 8–12 mmol/L,用于区分高阴离子间隙与正常阴离子间隙代谢性酸中毒;低白蛋白会掩盖升高的间隙(白蛋白低于 4.0 的部分,每 g/dL 加 2.5)。Δ 比值 (AG − 12)/(24 − HCO₃⁻) 约在 0.8 到 2 之间符合单纯高间隙酸中毒(有些教材用 1 代替 0.8),低于此范围提示合并正常间隙酸中毒,高于 2 提示合并代谢性碱中毒。
答案: QTc = 0.5 s
QT 与 QTc:QT 间期从 QRS 波群起点到 T 波终点。它随心率加快而缩短,因此要用以秒为单位的 R–R 间期按心率校正:Bazett QTc = QT/√RR,Fridericia QTc = QT/∛RR。多数教科书使用 Bazett 公式;它在心率快时校正过度,此时宜用 Fridericia。各参考标准的界限不同:QTc 男性高于约 0.45 s、女性高于约 0.46 s 通常称为延长,高于 0.50 s 称为明显延长。
超过男性(约 0.45 s)和女性(约 0.46 s)的通常上限:延长。(500 ms)
答案: PR 间期
每条心电图的五个步骤:1. 心率(300 法或 1500 法;若不规则则用 6 秒法);2. 节律:R–R 间期是否相等;3. P 波:是否存在、在 II 导联直立、每个 QRS 之前各有一个且形态一致;4. PR 间期:0.12–0.20 s 且恒定;5. QRS 时限:低于 0.12 s。五个步骤做完之后才命名节律。正常窦性心律五项全部符合:60–100 次/分,规则,每个 QRS 之前有直立 P 波,PR 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 低于 0.12 s。
本内容为独立练习材料。ExamProblems 与该考试的主办机构没有隶属关系,也未获其认可,考试名称仅用于描述内容。 NCLEX®, NCLEX-RN® and NCLEX-PN® 是 the National Council of State Boards of Nursing, Inc. (NCSBN) 的商标,该机构与 ExamProblems 无关,不为其背书,也不保证其准确性。
ExamProblems · examproblems.com/courses/nclex-rn-practice-questions