感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 40 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
According to Erikson, what is the main developmental task of older adulthood?
一名成年患者缺乏就某项治疗作出决定的能力,且没有预先决定。应如何作出决定(英格兰和威尔士)?
When should blood specimen tubes be labeled?
A patient on a general ward for two days is found to have smear-positive pulmonary TB. What should the nurse do besides moving the patient to an airborne isolation room?
Which patient on an addiction unit should the nurse see first?
A patient taking an MAO inhibitor antidepressant is taught about diet. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
Why are people with diabetes advised to have regular eye screening?
A patient with central chest pain has ST elevation on the 12-lead ECG. What is the main aim of urgent treatment?
为什么对血清白蛋白低的患者,必须谨慎解读偏低的总钙?
患者早晨服药后 2 小时抽取的血锂水平为 1.0 mEq/L,开医嘱者打算增加剂量。护士应指出什么?
Why is directly observed therapy (DOT) often used for tuberculosis?
A patient has received a sodium nitroprusside infusion for several days. He becomes confused and develops a metabolic acidosis. What should be suspected?
Shortly after a permanent pacemaker is inserted via the subclavian vein, the patient becomes breathless with reduced breath sounds on that side. What complication should be suspected?
Two days after coronary artery bypass surgery, a patient feels palpitations. The pulse is irregularly irregular at 140/min and BP is 112/70 mmHg. Which rhythm is most likely?
A patient has radioactive iodine treatment for hyperthyroidism. Which advice is correct?
C5 水平脊髓损伤两天后,一名患者焦虑,呼吸频率 30 次/分,肺活量下降。护士应怎么做?
Why does a patient need lifelong vitamin B12 injections after total gastrectomy?
一名肠梗阻患者出现持续剧烈疼痛(不再是绞痛)、发热、心率 120 次/分,以及腹部强直、压痛。这提示什么?
A woman's cultural practice involves eating only warm foods after birth. How should the nurse respond?
出生后 1 小时,糖尿病母亲所生的巨大儿烦躁不安、吃奶差。护士应首先做什么?
Which non-drug technique suits a 5-year-old during a cannula insertion?
对于化疗后中性粒细胞减少的儿童,护士应对哪项医嘱提出质疑?
A patient says, "Nobody at work likes me." Which nurse response best reflects cognitive restructuring?
A patient asks the nurse to pray with her before her ECT. The nurse does not share her religion. What is the most appropriate response?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一名新生儿体重 4 lb 2 oz。按 1 lb = 16 oz 和 1 kg = 2.2 lb,求以千克表示的体重m。取到两位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一次输注从 21:55 开始,到次日早晨 08:30 结束(24 小时制)。它运行了多少分钟t?
一名体重 41 kg 的患者体表面积为 1.18 m²。医嘱为 75 mg/m²。求剂量 D,以 mg 表示。
一名患者体重 140.8 lb。医嘱为单次剂量 0.5 mg/kg,储备液为 5 mL 中含 125 mg。按 1 kg = 2.2 lb 计算,你应给予多少容量 V? 保留一位小数。
医嘱要求以 120 mL/h 输液,但没有输液泵。改用滴系数为 20 gtt/mL 的输液器重力滴注。求滴速 R,以每分钟滴数表示。
一袋中含有 4 g 药物,溶于 1000 mL。医嘱为每分钟 1 mg。泵速 R 应设为多少 mL/h?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一份输液含普通胰岛素 100 单位,容量 100 mL。医嘱为 1.5 units/h。求泵速 R,以 mL/h 计。 保留一位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一袋中含dopamine 800 mg,容量 500 mL。医嘱为 6 mcg/kg/min,患者体重 64 kg。输液泵速率 R 应设为多少 mL/h? 保留一位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 12 小时班次中的出入量。患者体重 71 kg。求平均尿量 U,以 mL/kg/h 计。 保留两位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一袋 500 mL 的液体于 10:45 开始用输液泵以 50 mL/h 输注。到 18:45 时袋中还剩多少 mL V?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 用 Morse 跌倒评分评估一位练习患者:过去 3 个月内的跌倒史: 否; 次要诊断: 是; 行走辅助: 扶着家具; 静脉输液或封管: 是; 步态: 正常、卧床休息或轮椅; 精神状态: 了解自身局限。求 Morse 总分MFS。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 用 Braden 量表评估一位练习患者:感觉知觉: 完全受限; 潮湿程度: 很少潮湿; 活动: 偶尔步行; 活动能力: 轻度受限; 营养: 可能不足; 摩擦力和剪切力: 无明显问题。使用的分级为:19–23 无风险,15–18 轻度,13–14 中度,10–12 高,9 或以下极高。点击风险等级。
某练习血气显示 PaCO₂ 79 mmHg (10.5 kPa)。利用规则:在慢性呼吸性酸中毒中,PaCO₂ 每比 40 高出 10 mmHg,HCO₃⁻ 升高 3.5 mmol/L,以HCO₃⁻ 24 mmol/L 为起点,求预期HCO₃⁻。
练习数值:Na⁺ 134,Cl⁻ 101,HCO₃⁻ 21 mmol/L,白蛋白 29 g/L。求经白蛋白校正的阴离子间隙 AGc = AG + 0.25·(40 − 白蛋白)。
在这条规则的 II 导联心电图上测量 QT 间期和 R–R 间期,然后用 Bazett 公式 QTc = QT/√RR(均以秒计)计算经心率校正的QTc。答案以秒表示,保留三位小数。
依次按五个步骤解读这条 II 导联心电图:心率、节律、P 波、PR 间期、QRS 时限。你在哪一步发现第一个异常?点击它。
答案: A · Integrity versus despair
In late adulthood people review their lives. A sense of meaning brings integrity, while regret can lead to despair. Reminiscence can support this stage.
答案: B · 以患者的最佳利益为准,考虑其以往的意愿,并征询其身边亲近的人
为缺乏能力者作出的决定必须以其最佳利益为准,考虑其过去和现在的意愿、价值观和信仰,并征询照护者和家属的意见。应选择限制最少的方案。
答案: A · At the bedside, in front of the patient, right after collection
Labeling tubes at the bedside, using two patient identifiers and in the patient’s presence, prevents wrong-patient specimens. Pre-labeled or later-labeled tubes are easily mixed up.
答案: C · Inform infection prevention so exposed patients and staff can be identified and followed up
Infection prevention and public health carry out a contact investigation to identify and screen people exposed while the patient was not isolated. Treatment of contacts depends on their test results.
答案: C · Last drink two days ago; now shaking, sweating, heart rate 124/min and seeing insects
Hallucinations, tremor, sweating and tachycardia two to three days after the last drink suggest severe withdrawal and possible delirium tremens, which can be fatal. This patient needs prompt assessment and treatment.
答案: B · “I can still eat aged cheese and cured salami.”
MAO inhibitors with tyramine-rich foods, such as aged cheese and cured meats, can cause a hypertensive crisis. Patients avoid these foods, check medicines with a pharmacist and report a severe headache.
答案: B · To detect diabetic retinopathy early, before sight is lost
Diabetic retinopathy often has no symptoms until it is advanced. Screening allows early treatment that can prevent blindness.
答案: B · Restoring blood flow through the blocked coronary artery quickly
ST-elevation myocardial infarction means a coronary artery is usually completely blocked. Urgent reperfusion by primary PCI, or thrombolysis if PCI is not available in time, limits the amount of heart muscle that dies.
答案: D · 许多钙与白蛋白结合,因此即使离子钙正常,总钙也会下降
约 40–45% 的钙与血浆蛋白结合,主要是白蛋白。白蛋白低时,总钙下降,而离子钙可能正常。校正钙或实测离子钙才能反映真实情况。核对依据: Hypocalcemia (StatPearls) · StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf) (2026)
答案: B · 样本是在服药后太早采集的,因此不是有效的水平
血锂水平的标准采血时间是末次服药后约 12 小时,通常在早晨服药前。服药后 2 小时的样本捕获的是吸收峰值,与目标范围不可比,因此不应据此改变剂量。
答案: D · Treatment lasts months, and missed doses cause resistance
Standard TB treatment usually lasts six months or more with several drugs. Poor adherence leads to relapse and multidrug-resistant TB, so supervised dosing improves completion.
答案: C · Cyanide toxicity from nitroprusside breakdown
Nitroprusside releases cyanide, which is normally converted to thiocyanate. With high doses, long infusions or poor organ function, cyanide and thiocyanate can accumulate; the infusion is also protected from light.
答案: C · Pneumothorax
Subclavian puncture can injure the pleura and cause a pneumothorax. A chest X-ray is usually taken after implantation. Other complications include haematoma, lead displacement and infection.
答案: D · Atrial fibrillation
New atrial fibrillation affects a large proportion of patients in the first days after cardiac surgery, often due to inflammation, electrolyte shifts and stress. Management includes a 12-lead ECG, checking potassium and magnesium, rate or rhythm control and considering anticoagulation.
答案: A · Limit close contact with children and pregnant women for a time
After radioiodine, patients are advised to limit close and prolonged contact, especially with young children and pregnant women, for a period set by the department. It is contraindicated in pregnancy and breastfeeding.
答案: D · 紧急上报:脊髓水肿可能导致呼吸衰竭
颈椎损伤后几天,脊髓水肿可向上扩展到 C3–C5,削弱膈肌。肺活量下降、呼吸频率上升和焦虑提示即将发生呼吸衰竭,需要尽早重症监护介入。镇静会进一步抑制呼吸。
答案: A · Intrinsic factor from the stomach is no longer made
Parietal cells of the stomach make intrinsic factor, which is needed for B12 absorption in the terminal ileum. Without it, pernicious-type anaemia and neuropathy develop unless B12 is given by injection.
答案: D · 绞窄或穿孔,需要紧急外科评估
疼痛从绞痛变为持续性疼痛,伴发热、心动过速、腹膜刺激征或乳酸升高,提示缺血(绞窄)或穿孔。这是外科急症。机械性梗阻禁用泻药。
答案: A · Respect it and offer suitable warm foods
Many cultures have postnatal dietary customs, such as warm foods. When a practice is not harmful, the nurse respects it and adapts care, which builds trust and supports recovery.
答案: B · 检测婴儿的血糖
高危新生儿的烦躁不安和吃奶差提示低血糖。床旁血糖检测可指导处理,如按规程喂养或使用葡萄糖凝胶,血糖持续偏低则上报。
答案: A · Blowing bubbles or looking at a pop-up book
Distraction that suits the child's age, such as bubbles, books, toys or videos, reduces pain and distress. Blowing bubbles also encourages slow, deep breathing. Parents are encouraged to stay and help.
答案: B · 每 4 小时经直肠测量体温
中性粒细胞减少时应避免直肠测温、灌肠和使用栓剂,因为它们可能损伤黏膜,使细菌进入血液。中性粒细胞减少时发热是急症。
答案: B · "What evidence do you have that nobody likes you?"
Cognitive restructuring helps the patient examine the evidence for and against a negative automatic thought, then develop a more balanced view. Reassurance or advice does not help the patient learn this skill.
答案: C · Respect the request, join in if comfortable, and offer to call the chaplain
Supporting spiritual needs can reduce distress. The nurse can respond with respect within her own comfort, and refer to chaplaincy or faith leaders, without imposing her own beliefs.
答案: m = 1.88 kg
家用计量和体重:护理考试使用取整的等量关系:1 茶匙(tsp)= 5 mL,1 汤匙(tbsp)= 15 mL = 3 tsp,1 液量盎司(fl oz)= 30 mL = 2 tbsp,1 杯 = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重方面,1 kg = 2.2 lb,1 lb = 16 oz;长度方面,1 英寸 = 2.54 cm。设置换算时,要让你不需要的单位相互约去。
答案: t = 635 min
24 小时制:下午 1 点起,小时数加 12(下午 3:45 = 15:45)。午夜到凌晨 12:59 为 00:00–00:59,中午 12:00–12:59 仍为 12:00–12:59。反过来换算时,13–23 点减 12 并标为下午;00 点变为凌晨 12 点。跨午夜计算时间要分两段:先算到 24:00(00:00),再从 00:00 算起。
答案: D = 88.5 mg
Body-surface-area dosing: many cytotoxic and some paediatric doses are prescribed per square metre of body surface area: dose (mg) = dose per m² × BSA (m²). The Mosteller formula estimates BSA = √(height (cm) × weight (kg)/3600).
答案: V = 1.3 mL
Dose calculation: the amount to give equals what is prescribed divided by what you have, times the quantity it comes in: amount = (desired dose/stock strength) × stock volume. Always keep the units the same (convert g to mg, mg to mcg first) and check that the answer is sensible.
答案: R = 40 gtt/min
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
答案: R = 15 mL/h
Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).
答案: R = 1.5 mL/h
肝素和胰岛素输注:浓度 = 袋中单位数/袋容量 (units/mL)。泵速 (mL/h) = 每小时单位数/浓度,每小时单位数 = mL/h × 浓度。按体重给药时,先求 units/h = units/kg/h × 体重。推注体积 = 所需单位数/药瓶规格。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: R = 14.4 mL/h
滴定输注:先求以 mcg/mL 计的浓度(mg × 1000/mL)。按体重给药时,mcg/min = mcg/kg/min × 体重。然后 mL/h = mcg/min × 60/浓度。反推时,mcg/kg/min = mL/h × 浓度/(60 × 体重)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: U = 0.67 mL/kg/h
出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: V = 100 mL
输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: MFS = 65
Morse 跌倒评分:六个条目。跌倒史:否 0 分,是 25 分。次要诊断:否 0 分,是 15 分。行走辅助:无、卧床休息或护士协助 0 分;拐杖、手杖或助行器 15 分;扶着家具 30 分。静脉输液或封管:否 0 分,是 20 分。步态:正常、卧床休息或轮椅 0 分;虚弱 10 分;受损 20 分。精神状态:了解自身局限 0 分;高估或忘记自身局限 15 分。总分为 0 至 125。各医院的风险分界值不同;常用的一套是 0–24 低风险,25–44 中度风险,45 及以上为高风险。
答案: 轻度风险
Braden 量表:评估压力性损伤风险的六个分项。感觉知觉、潮湿程度、活动、活动能力和营养各评 1 至 4 分,从最差水平(1)到无问题(4);摩擦力和剪切力评 1 至 3 分。总分为 6 至 23,总分越低风险越高。常用分级:19–23 无风险,15–18 轻度风险,13–14 中度风险,10–12 高风险,9 分及以下为极高风险。
答案: HCO₃⁻ = 37.65 mmol/L
预期代偿:代谢性酸中毒时,温特公式预测 PaCO₂ = 1.5·HCO₃⁻ + 8 ± 2 mmHg;实测值高于该范围提示合并呼吸性酸中毒,低于该范围提示合并呼吸性碱中毒。阴离子间隙 AG = Na⁺ − (Cl⁻ + HCO₃⁻),正常约为 8–12 mmol/L,用于区分高阴离子间隙与正常阴离子间隙代谢性酸中毒;低白蛋白会掩盖升高的间隙(白蛋白低于 4.0 的部分,每 g/dL 加 2.5)。Δ 比值 (AG − 12)/(24 − HCO₃⁻) 约在 0.8 到 2 之间符合单纯高间隙酸中毒(有些教材用 1 代替 0.8),低于此范围提示合并正常间隙酸中毒,高于 2 提示合并代谢性碱中毒。
答案: AGc = 14.75 mmol/L
预期代偿:代谢性酸中毒时,温特公式预测 PaCO₂ = 1.5·HCO₃⁻ + 8 ± 2 mmHg;实测值高于该范围提示合并呼吸性酸中毒,低于该范围提示合并呼吸性碱中毒。阴离子间隙 AG = Na⁺ − (Cl⁻ + HCO₃⁻),正常约为 8–12 mmol/L,用于区分高阴离子间隙与正常阴离子间隙代谢性酸中毒;低白蛋白会掩盖升高的间隙(白蛋白低于 4.0 的部分,每 g/dL 加 2.5)。Δ 比值 (AG − 12)/(24 − HCO₃⁻) 约在 0.8 到 2 之间符合单纯高间隙酸中毒(有些教材用 1 代替 0.8),低于此范围提示合并正常间隙酸中毒,高于 2 提示合并代谢性碱中毒。
校正后高于约 12:阴离子间隙升高。
答案: QTc = 0.5 s
QT 与 QTc:QT 间期从 QRS 波群起点到 T 波终点。它随心率加快而缩短,因此要用以秒为单位的 R–R 间期按心率校正:Bazett QTc = QT/√RR,Fridericia QTc = QT/∛RR。多数教科书使用 Bazett 公式;它在心率快时校正过度,此时宜用 Fridericia。各参考标准的界限不同:QTc 男性高于约 0.45 s、女性高于约 0.46 s 通常称为延长,高于 0.50 s 称为明显延长。
超过男性(约 0.45 s)和女性(约 0.46 s)的通常上限:延长。(500 ms)
答案: QRS 时限
每条心电图的五个步骤:1. 心率(300 法或 1500 法;若不规则则用 6 秒法);2. 节律:R–R 间期是否相等;3. P 波:是否存在、在 II 导联直立、每个 QRS 之前各有一个且形态一致;4. PR 间期:0.12–0.20 s 且恒定;5. QRS 时限:低于 0.12 s。五个步骤做完之后才命名节律。正常窦性心律五项全部符合:60–100 次/分,规则,每个 QRS 之前有直立 P 波,PR 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 低于 0.12 s。
本内容为独立练习材料。ExamProblems 与该考试的主办机构没有隶属关系,也未获其认可,考试名称仅用于描述内容。 NCLEX®, NCLEX-RN® and NCLEX-PN® 是 the National Council of State Boards of Nursing, Inc. (NCSBN) 的商标,该机构与 ExamProblems 无关,不为其背书,也不保证其准确性。
ExamProblems · examproblems.com/courses/nclex-rn-practice-questions