感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 40 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
How should the heels of a bedbound patient at high risk be protected?
A recently discharged patient sends the nurse a friend request on social media. What is the most appropriate response?
Where should the drainage bag of an indwelling urinary catheter be kept?
Which patient with a suspected infection meets at least two SIRS criteria?
A woman calls to say her husband suddenly has a drooping face and slurred speech. What should the nurse advise?
护士应首先将哪位患者上报给快速反应小组?
A patient on the ward has shingles with open blisters. Which people are most at risk from contact?
一名输注肝素的患者在开始五天后血小板突然下降。应怀疑什么?
A patient taking phenazopyridine for bladder pain has bright orange urine. What should the nurse know about urine tests?
A patient's potassium is 7.2 mEq/L, and the monitor shows wide QRS complexes. Several treatments are prescribed. Which should be given first?
Why is IV promethazine given with great caution?
由于肾衰竭,某药的清除率降为原来的一半,而分布容积不变。其半衰期会怎样?
What is the main problem in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction?
A patient with severe sepsis becomes increasingly breathless over 24 hours. SpO₂ stays low despite high-flow oxygen, and the chest X-ray shows bilateral infiltrates. The heart function is normal. Which condition is most likely?
Why should antiepileptic drugs not be stopped suddenly?
A prescription reads "Insulin 10U". Why is this a safety problem?
A patient had an upper GI endoscopy with a local anaesthetic throat spray. What must the nurse check before giving a drink?
一名患有慢性肾脏病的 74 岁患者术后剧烈疼痛。哪个阿片类药物问题最重要?
Which statement describes the "4 Ts" causes of postpartum haemorrhage?
A baby was born through thick meconium-stained fluid. At birth the baby is crying, has good tone and a heart rate above 100/min. What is the appropriate care?
A 6-month-old's left eye turns inwards all the time. What should the nurse do?
An infant with heart failure is breathing fast and working hard. Which position helps most?
A patient with dependent personality disorder asks the nurse to choose her clothes and meals every day. What is an appropriate nursing goal?
A new nurse asks why the therapeutic relationship is different from a social relationship. Which statement is correct?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一次小剂量注射的计算得到 0.81794 mL。 本练习的规则是:低于 1 mL 的体积取到最接近的百分之一 mL。你记录的数值x是多少?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一张处方写着口服混悬液1½ tsp,每天三次,共 10 天。按1 tsp = 5 mL,整个疗程需要多少 mLV?
某患者体重 60 kg。医嘱剂量为每天 15 mg/kg,分 3 次等量给药。每次给多少毫克 D?
一名患者体重 136.4 lb。医嘱为单次剂量 1 mg/kg,储备液为 1 mL 中含 50 mg。按 1 kg = 2.2 lb 计算,你应给予多少容量 V? 保留一位小数。
用滴系数为 20 滴/mL 的输液器在 10 小时内输入 250 mL。求滴速 R(滴/分)。 取整到最接近的整数。
一袋液体在 50 mL 中含药 100 mg,以 5 mL/h 的速度输注。患者每小时获得多少毫克 D?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一项练习规程要求为体重 98 kg 的患者推注肝素 60 units/kg。药瓶规格为 1 000 units/mL。应抽取多少体积 V? 保留一位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一袋中含dobutamine 500 mg,容量 250 mL。医嘱为 2.5 mcg/kg/min,患者体重 94 kg。输液泵速率 R 应设为多少 mL/h? 保留一位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 8 小时班次中的出入量。患者体重 77 kg。求平均尿量 U,以 mL/kg/h 计。 保留两位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一袋 1000 mL 的液体于 11:00 开始用输液泵以 150 mL/h 输注。到 17:00 时袋中还剩多少 mL V?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 对这些观察结果使用 NEWS2 图表(SpO₂ 量表 1):呼吸频率 26 次/分,SpO₂ 99%正在补充吸氧,血压 124/74 mmHg,脉搏 130 次/分,新出现意识模糊,体温 35.0 °C。NEWS2 总分是多少?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 对这些观察结果使用 NEWS2 图表(SpO₂ 量表 1):呼吸频率 14 次/分,SpO₂ 97%正在补充吸氧,血压 136/82 mmHg,脉搏 64 次/分,清醒,体温 36.4 °C。患者属于哪个临床风险组?点击它。
某练习动脉血气显示 pH 7.54,PaCO₂ 22 mmHg (2.9 kPa),HCO₃⁻ 18 mmol/L。原发性紊乱是呼吸性碱中毒。代偿到什么程度?点选你的答案。
某练习血气显示 pH 7.32,PaCO₂ 34 mmHg (4.5 kPa),HCO₃⁻ 17 mmol/L,Na⁺ 142,Cl⁻ 93 mmol/L。利用阴离子间隙和 Δ 比值,点选最合适的解读。
在这条规则的 II 导联心电图上测量 QT 间期和 R–R 间期,然后用 Bazett 公式 QTc = QT/√RR(均以秒计)计算经心率校正的QTc。答案以秒表示,保留三位小数。
依次按五个步骤解读这条 II 导联心电图:心率、节律、P 波、PR 间期、QRS 时限。你在哪一步发现第一个异常?点击它。
答案: B · Lift them off the mattress with a pillow under the calves
Heels have little padding and develop ulcers quickly. "Floating" them, with the support under the calves and the knee slightly bent, removes pressure from the heel.
答案: B · Decline it, to keep a professional boundary
Nursing codes advise keeping clear professional boundaries, and social media contact with patients can blur them. The nurse politely declines and does not share patient information online.
答案: D · Below the level of the bladder and off the floor
Keeping the bag below the bladder prevents backflow of urine into the bladder, and keeping it off the floor prevents contamination. Both reduce the risk of catheter-associated urinary tract infection.
答案: A · Temperature 38.6 °C and heart rate 112/min
SIRS criteria include a temperature above 38 °C or below 36 °C, heart rate above 90/min, respiratory rate above 20/min and a WBC above 12,000 or below 4,000/mm3. Only the first patient meets two.
答案: A · Call emergency services now and note the time it started
Stroke is time-critical. Emergency services can begin assessment on the way and take the patient to a stroke center; the time of onset guides treatment.
答案: D · 一名尿路感染患者,新出现意识模糊,呼吸频率 26 次/分,收缩压 94 mmHg
感染患者新出现意识模糊、呼吸频率 22 次/分或以上、收缩压 100 mmHg 或以下(qSOFA 标准),提示可能的脓毒症,恶化风险高。该患者需要紧急上报、培养和早期使用抗生素。NEWS2 等早期预警评分也给出同样的信号。其他患者是稳定的。
答案: A · Pregnant women and immunocompromised people who have not had chickenpox
Someone who has never had chickenpox can catch chickenpox from contact with shingles blisters. Non-immune pregnant and immunocompromised people are at particular risk, so lesions are covered and precautions followed.
答案: D · 肝素诱导的血小板减少症
HIT 通常在开始使用肝素 5–10 天后出现,血小板下降超过 50%,并有血栓风险。应停用肝素,改用非肝素类抗凝药。
答案: A · The dye can interfere with dipstick color readings
Phenazopyridine is a urinary analgesic dye that turns urine orange-red. It can interfere with color-based dipstick tests, so the laboratory should be told. The color is harmless, but it can stain contact lenses and clothing.核对依据: Urine - abnormal color · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答案: A · IV calcium gluconate (or chloride)
With ECG changes, IV calcium is given first to stabilize the cardiac membrane within minutes. It does not lower potassium, so insulin with glucose (and sometimes albuterol/salbutamol) follows to shift potassium into cells, then binders, diuretics or dialysis remove it.核对依据: High potassium level - Medical Encyclopedia · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答案: D · It can cause severe tissue injury if it leaks or enters an artery
Promethazine is a vesicant. Deep intramuscular injection is the preferred parenteral route, and if given IV it is diluted, given slowly into a well-running large vein, and stopped at once if the patient reports burning or pain.
答案: C · 加倍
半衰期与 Vd 成正比,与清除率成反比。清除率减半使半衰期加倍,因此药物会蓄积,并需要更长时间才能达到稳态。
答案: C · A stiff ventricle that fills poorly in diastole
In HFpEF, the left ventricle is stiff and relaxes poorly, so filling pressures rise and cause congestion even though the ejection fraction is normal. It is common in older people with hypertension, diabetes and obesity. HFrEF is mainly a problem of contraction.
答案: A · Acute respiratory distress syndrome
ARDS is acute, non-cardiogenic pulmonary oedema caused by widespread inflammation, triggered by sepsis, pneumonia, trauma or pancreatitis. It causes severe hypoxaemia that responds poorly to oxygen, with bilateral infiltrates not explained by heart failure. Treatment includes lung-protective ventilation and often prone positioning.
答案: A · Sudden withdrawal can trigger seizures, including status epilepticus
Stopping antiepileptics abruptly can cause rebound seizures, which may be prolonged. Changes are made gradually under medical supervision, and missed doses should be avoided.
答案: C · "U" can be misread as a zero, giving a tenfold dose
A handwritten "U" can look like a 0, turning 10 units into 100. The word "units" must be written in full. Insulin errors are a well-known cause of serious harm.
答案: C · That swallowing and the gag reflex have returned
Throat spray numbs the pharynx, so drinking too early risks aspiration. Fluids are given once the gag reflex and swallowing have returned, usually after about an hour, starting with sips of water.
答案: A · 吗啡的代谢产物会蓄积,因此可能需要较低剂量或换用其他阿片类药物
吗啡的活性代谢产物(如吗啡-6-葡萄糖醛酸苷)经肾脏排泄,在肾功能受损时蓄积,引起镇静和呼吸抑制。可在密切监测下使用较低剂量、较长间隔或替代的阿片类药物。高龄会增加敏感性。
答案: B · Tone, trauma, tissue and thrombin
The 4 Ts are tone (atony), trauma (tears, haematomas, rupture), tissue (retained placenta or clots) and thrombin (clotting disorders). Tone is the most common cause.
答案: B · Routine care with the mother, with observation
Vigorous babies born through meconium receive routine care and are observed for breathing difficulty. Routine tracheal suctioning is not recommended, even for non-vigorous babies, where effective ventilation comes first.
答案: D · Refer the baby to an eye specialist
An occasional squint is common in the first months, but a constant squint, or any squint after about 4–6 months, needs specialist assessment. Without treatment, the brain may suppress the image from the turning eye, causing amblyopia.
答案: C · Semi-upright, with the head and chest raised
A semi-upright position lowers the pressure of abdominal organs on the diaphragm and eases breathing. Raising the legs would increase venous return and may worsen pulmonary congestion.
答案: D · The patient will make small everyday decisions on her own
People with dependent personality disorder have an excessive need to be cared for and difficulty making decisions. Nursing care encourages and praises small independent decisions to build confidence.
答案: B · It is goal-directed and focused on the patient's needs, with the nurse responsible for keeping boundaries
A therapeutic relationship has a clear purpose, focuses on the patient's needs and has a planned end. The nurse, not the patient, is responsible for keeping professional boundaries.
答案: x = 0.82 mL
取整:看舍入位后面的那个数字:5 或更大则进位,4 或更小则保持原数字不变。只对最终答案取整,绝不对中间步骤取整。典型的考试规则:1 mL 或以上的体积取到十分位,低于 1 mL 的体积取到百分位,滴速取整到整滴,体重取到一位小数;务必遵循题目所规定的规则。
答案: V = 225 mL
量纲分析:先写出已知量,再乘以写成分数形式的换算系数(例如 60 min/1 h 或 1 mg/1000 mcg),使每个不需要的单位在分子和分母各出现一次并相互约去。只剩下所求单位时再计算。使用题目给出的等量关系,只对最终答案取整。
答案: D = 300 mg
剂量计算:给药量等于医嘱剂量除以现有药物的规格,再乘以该规格对应的量:给药量 = (医嘱剂量/储备规格) × 储备体积。始终统一单位(先把 g 换成 mg,mg 换成 mcg),并检查答案是否合理。
答案: V = 1.2 mL
Dose calculation: the amount to give equals what is prescribed divided by what you have, times the quantity it comes in: amount = (desired dose/stock strength) × stock volume. Always keep the units the same (convert g to mg, mg to mcg first) and check that the answer is sensible.
答案: R = 8 gtt/min
输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。
床旁取最接近的整滴:8 滴/分。
答案: D = 10 mg/h
输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。
答案: V = 5.9 mL
肝素和胰岛素输注:浓度 = 袋中单位数/袋容量 (units/mL)。泵速 (mL/h) = 每小时单位数/浓度,每小时单位数 = mL/h × 浓度。按体重给药时,先求 units/h = units/kg/h × 体重。推注体积 = 所需单位数/药瓶规格。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: R = 7.1 mL/h
滴定输注:先求以 mcg/mL 计的浓度(mg × 1000/mL)。按体重给药时,mcg/min = mcg/kg/min × 体重。然后 mL/h = mcg/min × 60/浓度。反推时,mcg/kg/min = mL/h × 浓度/(60 × 体重)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: U = 1.18 mL/kg/h
出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: V = 100 mL
输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: NEWS2 = 13
NEWS2(国家早期预警评分 2,英国皇家内科医师学会 2017):按图表为七个参数分别评分(呼吸频率、量表 1 的 SpO₂、吸空气还是吸氧、收缩压、脉搏、按 ACVPU 量表评定的意识状态和体温),然后把分数相加。临床风险:0–4 为低;任何单项参数得 3 分为中低;5–6 为中;7 或以上为高。总分 5 或以上需要紧急响应。
答案: 低
NEWS2(国家早期预警评分 2,英国皇家内科医师学会 2017):按图表为七个参数分别评分(呼吸频率、量表 1 的 SpO₂、吸空气还是吸氧、收缩压、脉搏、按 ACVPU 量表评定的意识状态和体温),然后把分数相加。临床风险:0–4 为低;任何单项参数得 3 分为中低;5–6 为中;7 或以上为高。总分 5 或以上需要紧急响应。
答案: 部分代偿
解读血气(ROME):先看 pH:低于 7.35 为酸血症,高于 7.45 为碱血症。然后找出能解释它的指标。PaCO₂(正常 35–45 mmHg,4.7–6.0 kPa)是呼吸方面的指标,在呼吸性紊乱中与 pH 反向(Opposite)变化;HCO₃⁻(正常 22–26 mmol/L)是代谢方面的指标,与 pH 同向变化(Respiratory Opposite, Metabolic Equal,即呼吸性相反,代谢性相同)。另一个指标显示代偿情况:正常表示未代偿;沿着使 pH 回升的方向异常、而 pH 仍然异常,表示部分代偿;pH 正常而两个指标都异常,表示完全代偿。各实验室的范围略有差异;这些是练习用数值。
答案: 合并代谢性碱中毒
预期代偿:代谢性酸中毒时,温特公式预测 PaCO₂ = 1.5·HCO₃⁻ + 8 ± 2 mmHg;实测值高于该范围提示合并呼吸性酸中毒,低于该范围提示合并呼吸性碱中毒。阴离子间隙 AG = Na⁺ − (Cl⁻ + HCO₃⁻),正常约为 8–12 mmol/L,用于区分高阴离子间隙与正常阴离子间隙代谢性酸中毒;低白蛋白会掩盖升高的间隙(白蛋白低于 4.0 的部分,每 g/dL 加 2.5)。Δ 比值 (AG − 12)/(24 − HCO₃⁻) 约在 0.8 到 2 之间符合单纯高间隙酸中毒(有些教材用 1 代替 0.8),低于此范围提示合并正常间隙酸中毒,高于 2 提示合并代谢性碱中毒。
答案: QTc = 0.52 s
QT 与 QTc:QT 间期从 QRS 波群起点到 T 波终点。它随心率加快而缩短,因此要用以秒为单位的 R–R 间期按心率校正:Bazett QTc = QT/√RR,Fridericia QTc = QT/∛RR。多数教科书使用 Bazett 公式;它在心率快时校正过度,此时宜用 Fridericia。各参考标准的界限不同:QTc 男性高于约 0.45 s、女性高于约 0.46 s 通常称为延长,高于 0.50 s 称为明显延长。
高于 0.50 s:明显延长。(520 ms)
答案: P 波
每条心电图的五个步骤:1. 心率(300 法或 1500 法;若不规则则用 6 秒法);2. 节律:R–R 间期是否相等;3. P 波:是否存在、在 II 导联直立、每个 QRS 之前各有一个且形态一致;4. PR 间期:0.12–0.20 s 且恒定;5. QRS 时限:低于 0.12 s。五个步骤做完之后才命名节律。正常窦性心律五项全部符合:60–100 次/分,规则,每个 QRS 之前有直立 P 波,PR 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 低于 0.12 s。
本内容为独立练习材料。ExamProblems 与该考试的主办机构没有隶属关系,也未获其认可,考试名称仅用于描述内容。 NCLEX®, NCLEX-RN® and NCLEX-PN® 是 the National Council of State Boards of Nursing, Inc. (NCSBN) 的商标,该机构与 ExamProblems 无关,不为其背书,也不保证其准确性。
ExamProblems · examproblems.com/courses/nclex-rn-practice-questions