感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 40 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
In the PQRST pain assessment, what does "Q" ask about?
一名年轻的 1 型糖尿病患者呼吸深快,呼气有烂苹果味,伴呕吐和脱水征象。你应怀疑什么?
A person in scrubs without a hospital ID badge asks to take a newborn to the nursery. What should the nurse do?
A patient arrives in the operating room for knee surgery, and the site has not been marked. What should happen?
A nurse has called the rapid response team for a deteriorating patient. What should the nurse do while waiting for the team?
An infant with pyloric stenosis has repeated projectile vomiting. Which acid-base imbalance is most likely?
A patient with leukaemia has a very low platelet count. Which nursing precaution is appropriate?
A patient on an unfractionated heparin infusion is also started on warfarin. Which tests are used to monitor each drug?
A patient takes high-dose biotin supplements for hair and nails. Why should the nurse report this before blood tests?
A patient using an insulin pump has a glucose of 300 mg/dL (16.7 mmol/L) that has not fallen 2 hours after a correction bolus through the pump. Blood ketones are 1.8 mmol/L. What is the most likely problem and action?
Which group of effects would the nurse expect after a dose of an anticholinergic drug such as atropine?
一名 80 岁、前列腺增生的男性因膀胱过度活动开始服用奥昔布宁。他出现意识混乱并且无法排尿。最可能的解释是什么?
Analysis of a pleural effusion shows it is an exudate (high protein and LDH compared with blood). Which cause is most likely?
一名服用比索洛尔和地尔硫䓬的患者头晕,心率 38 次/分,血压 82/50 mmHg。最恰当的首要应对是什么?
A patient has confirmed meningococcal meningitis. What is usually offered to their close household contacts?
Why may nitrofurantoin be avoided in an older patient with significantly reduced kidney function?
What is anticipatory nausea in chemotherapy?
A 76-year-old with a past peptic ulcer needs long-term anti-inflammatory treatment for arthritis. Which plan best reduces GI bleeding risk?
A woman at 39 weeks with a healthy pregnancy asks about walking in early labour. What is the best advice?
A woman with active genital herpes lesions is admitted in early labour with intact membranes. What should the nurse expect?
Using the 100–50–20 rule, what is the daily maintenance fluid requirement for a 15 kg child?
Which complication is a leading cause of death from measles in children?
A newly admitted patient asks, "Do you think I'm crazy?" Which response is most therapeutic?
A patient with schizophrenia has marked negative symptoms. He stays in bed most of the day and neglects his hygiene. Which nursing approach is most helpful?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一位患者的体温为 35 °C。用 °F = °C × 9/5 + 32 把它换算为华氏度T。取到一位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一个班次中,患者摄入了3 tbsp / 液体营养补充剂, 2 fl oz / 果汁, 2 tsp / 止咳糖浆。按给出的等量关系,求以 mL 表示的口服总摄入量V。
一个药瓶中含有 1 g 的粉末。标签上写着:加入 3.4 mL 注射用水,得到总容量 4 mL。医嘱为 500 mg。你应给予复溶后溶液的多少容量 V?
处方剂量为 0.43 mg。安瓿每 mL 含 500 微克。请用 1 mL 注射器抽取剂量:应给多少体积 V?
用滴系数为 60 滴/mL 的输液器在 10 小时内输入 1000 mL。求滴速 R(滴/分)。
200 mg 药物溶于 250 mL 的输液以 3 mL/h 运行。患者每分钟接受多少微克 D?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一份输液含普通胰岛素 100 单位,容量 100 mL。医嘱为 6 units/h。求泵速 R,以 mL/h 计。 保留一位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一名体重 97 kg 的患者的医嘱为nitroglycerin 5 mcg/min。输液袋中含 50 mg,容量 250 mL。求泵速 R,以 mL/h 计。 保留一位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 12 小时班次中的出入量。静脉输液在整个班次中按所示速率输注。求液体平衡 B = 入量 − 出量,以 mL 计(答案为负表示净丢失)。 冰屑按其体积的一半计。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一袋 1000 mL 的液体于 10:45 开始用输液泵以 50 mL/h 输注。到 17:45 时袋中还剩多少 mL V?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一位患者的脉搏为 82 次/分,血压为 82/53 mmHg。求休克指数SI = HR/SBP。取到两位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 对这些观察结果使用 NEWS2 图表(SpO₂ 量表 1):呼吸频率 14 次/分,SpO₂ 99%吸室内空气,血压 142/86 mmHg,脉搏 132 次/分,清醒,体温 35.8 °C。患者属于哪个临床风险组?点击它。
练习数值:Na⁺ 128 mmol/L,葡萄糖 30.1 mmol/L,尿素 16.3 mmol/L。计算血清渗透压 Osm = 2·Na⁺ + 葡萄糖 + 尿素,取最接近的整数。
练习数值:Na⁺ 139,Cl⁻ 109,HCO₃⁻ 15 mmol/L,白蛋白 30 g/L。求经白蛋白校正的阴离子间隙 AGc = AG + 0.25·(40 − 白蛋白)。
解读这条 II 导联心律条带。这是什么节律?点击你的答案。
依次按五个步骤解读这条 II 导联心电图:心率、节律、P 波、PR 间期、QRS 时限。你在哪一步发现第一个异常?点击它。
答案: D · The quality of the pain, such as sharp, dull or burning
PQRST covers Provoking or palliating factors, Quality, Region and radiation, Severity and Timing. Describing the quality helps identify the cause of the pain.
答案: A · 糖尿病酮症酸中毒
胰岛素不足时,脂肪分解产生酮体,导致代谢性酸中毒。深大呼吸(Kussmaul 呼吸)、酮味呼气、高血糖和脱水是典型表现。这是急症。
答案: C · Refuse, keep the baby with the mother and alert security
Infants are only handed to staff with proper identification, as set out in the infant security policy. Suspicious behavior is reported to security at once, and parents are taught to do the same.
答案: A · Do not start until the site is marked and verified with the patient
Wrong-site surgery is prevented by marking the site before the procedure, ideally with the awake patient’s involvement, and confirming it at the time-out. The procedure does not begin until this is done.
答案: A · Stay with the patient, give oxygen as prescribed and have recent vital signs ready
The nurse stays with the patient, starts basic support such as oxygen as prescribed and prepares a clear handover. Leaving the patient or giving unrelated medications is unsafe.
答案: A · Metabolic alkalosis
Repeated vomiting of stomach contents loses hydrochloric acid, causing metabolic alkalosis, often with low chloride and potassium. Fluids and electrolytes are corrected before surgery.
答案: C · Use a soft toothbrush and an electric razor
Thrombocytopenia increases bleeding risk. Gentle oral care, electric razors and avoiding IM injections and rectal procedures help prevent bleeding.
答案: A · APTT for heparin and INR for warfarin
The APTT reflects the intrinsic pathway and is used to adjust heparin infusions. Warfarin is monitored by the INR, a standardised prothrombin time. Platelets are also checked on heparin to detect HIT.
答案: D · Biotin can distort some immunoassays, such as troponin or TSH
Many immunoassays use biotin-streptavidin binding, and high blood biotin levels can give falsely high or low results, for example a falsely low troponin or abnormal thyroid tests. The laboratory and prescriber should know about biotin use.核对依据: Troponin Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2023); Biotin Interference with Troponin Lab Tests - Assays Subject to Biotin Interference · U.S. FDA (2022)
答案: A · Insulin delivery failure; inject a correction dose by pen and change the set
A high glucose that does not respond to a pump bolus, with rising ketones, suggests a kinked, blocked or dislodged cannula. Because pumps use only rapid-acting insulin, DKA can develop within hours. The usual advice is to give a correction dose by pen or syringe, change the infusion set, check glucose and ketones often, and seek help if ketones keep rising or vomiting starts.
答案: C · Dry mouth, faster heart rate and dilated pupils
Anticholinergic drugs block muscarinic receptors, so parasympathetic effects are reduced. This gives dry mouth, tachycardia, dilated pupils, constipation and urinary retention.
答案: D · 抗胆碱能不良反应
抗毒蕈碱药物减弱膀胱收缩,可使前列腺增生的男性发生尿潴留。在老年人中还会引起意识混乱,因此应尽量降低其总抗胆碱能负荷。
答案: C · Pneumonia or cancer affecting the pleura
Transudates form when hydrostatic or oncotic pressure changes push fluid out of vessels, as in heart failure, cirrhosis and nephrotic syndrome. Exudates form when inflammation or tumour makes the pleura leaky, so protein and LDH are high (Light's criteria). Common causes are pneumonia, cancer, TB and pulmonary embolism.
答案: A · 呼叫紧急援助,进行 ABCDE 评估,并连接心脏监护仪
β 受体阻滞剂和减慢心率的钙通道阻滞剂对窦房结和房室结有叠加作用。伴有低血压的症状性心动过缓是急症:呼叫援助、监护、暂停这些药物,并按心动过缓流程预期使用阿托品,可能还需要起搏。
答案: A · Preventive antibiotics
Close contacts, such as people living in the same household, are offered chemoprophylaxis, for example with ciprofloxacin or rifampicin (rifampin), to clear carriage. Public health teams usually coordinate this.
答案: A · It works less well and is more likely to be toxic
Nitrofurantoin is concentrated in the urine. With poor kidney function, urine levels fall, so it works less well, and blood levels rise, increasing side effects such as neuropathy. Another antibiotic is usually chosen.
答案: D · Nausea triggered by reminders of treatment before it is given
Anticipatory nausea is a conditioned response after previous poorly controlled nausea, triggered by sights or smells linked to treatment. Good antiemetic control from the first cycle helps prevent it; relaxation techniques and anxiolytics may help.
答案: D · Consider an alternative; if an NSAID is needed, add a PPI
Older age and a previous ulcer greatly increase NSAID-related bleeding. Safer options are considered first; if an NSAID is needed, the lowest effective dose for the shortest time is used with gastroprotection such as a PPI.
答案: C · Walking and upright positions can help progress
Upright positions and mobility in the first stage can shorten labour and reduce the need for epidurals. She can choose positions that feel comfortable.
答案: A · A caesarean birth to reduce the risk of neonatal herpes
Active genital lesions or prodromal symptoms at the onset of labour are an indication for caesarean birth because neonatal herpes can be severe. Invasive procedures such as scalp electrodes are avoided.
答案: C · 1250 mL per day
First 10 kg: 10 × 100 = 1000 mL. Next 5 kg: 5 × 50 = 250 mL. Total = 1250 mL per day, or about 52 mL per hour.
答案: C · Pneumonia
Pneumonia, from measles itself or from secondary bacterial infection, causes most measles-related deaths in children. Encephalitis is a rarer but serious complication; vaccination prevents both.
答案: B · "You seem worried about what being here means. Can you tell me more?"
The question often hides fear or shame about being in a mental health setting. Exploring the concern shows acceptance, while labelling or false reassurance does not help.
答案: C · Agree a simple daily routine with small, achievable activities and give positive feedback
Negative symptoms such as avolition and anhedonia improve with structure, step-by-step goals and encouragement. Punishment or waiting for the patient to start on his own usually makes withdrawal worse.
答案: T = 95 °F
温度:°C = (°F − 32) × 5/9,°F = °C × 9/5 + 32。从 °F 换算时先减 32 再乘,从 °C 换算时先乘再加 32。快速核对:37 °C 为 98.6 °F,每 1 °C 相当于 1.8 °F。
答案: V = 115 mL
家用计量和体重:护理考试使用取整的等量关系:1 茶匙(tsp)= 5 mL,1 汤匙(tbsp)= 15 mL = 3 tsp,1 液量盎司(fl oz)= 30 mL = 2 tbsp,1 杯 = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重方面,1 kg = 2.2 lb,1 lb = 16 oz;长度方面,1 英寸 = 2.54 cm。设置换算时,要让你不需要的单位相互约去。
答案: V = 2 mL
Dose calculation: the amount to give equals what is prescribed divided by what you have, times the quantity it comes in: amount = (desired dose/stock strength) × stock volume. Always keep the units the same (convert g to mg, mg to mcg first) and check that the answer is sensible.
答案: V = 0.86 mL
抽取剂量:体积 = (处方剂量/药物浓度) × 药物体积。先换算成相同的单位,再检查该体积是否适合注射器,并落在它的某一个刻度上。
答案: R = 100 gtt/min
输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。
答案: D = 40 mcg/min
Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).
答案: R = 6 mL/h
肝素和胰岛素输注:浓度 = 袋中单位数/袋容量 (units/mL)。泵速 (mL/h) = 每小时单位数/浓度,每小时单位数 = mL/h × 浓度。按体重给药时,先求 units/h = units/kg/h × 体重。推注体积 = 所需单位数/药瓶规格。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: R = 1.5 mL/h
滴定输注:先求以 mcg/mL 计的浓度(mg × 1000/mL)。按体重给药时,mcg/min = mcg/kg/min × 体重。然后 mL/h = mcg/min × 60/浓度。反推时,mcg/kg/min = mL/h × 浓度/(60 × 体重)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
医嘱是针对患者整体的每分钟剂量,所以不需要体重。
答案: B = 1000 mL
出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
为正:摄入的液体多于排出的液体。
答案: V = 650 mL
输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: SI = 1
血压数值:脉压 PP = SBP − DBP。平均动脉压 MAP ≈ (SBP + 2·DBP)/3 = DBP + PP/3,这是基于正常心率下心脏每搏约有三分之二时间处于舒张期的估算(心率快时准确性下降);MAP 至少约 65 mmHg 是常用的器官灌注目标。休克指数 SI = 心率/SBP,正常约为 0.5–0.7;高于约 1 是休克的警示信号。
1 或更高:在这个练习病例中是休克的警示信号。
答案: 中低
NEWS2(国家早期预警评分 2,英国皇家内科医师学会 2017):按图表为七个参数分别评分(呼吸频率、量表 1 的 SpO₂、吸空气还是吸氧、收缩压、脉搏、按 ACVPU 量表评定的意识状态和体温),然后把分数相加。临床风险:0–4 为低;任何单项参数得 3 分为中低;5–6 为中;7 或以上为高。总分 5 或以上需要紧急响应。
即使总分低,单项得 3 分也需要紧急会诊。
答案: Osm = 302 mOsm/kg
衍生数值:计算所得的血清渗透压为 2·Na⁺ + 葡萄糖 + 尿素,各值均以 mmol/L 计(葡萄糖和 BUN 以 mg/dL 计时为 2·Na⁺ + 葡萄糖/18 + BUN/2.8);正常约为 275–295 mOsm/kg。P/F 比值是 PaO₂ 除以以小数表示的 FiO₂。海平面的肺泡氧分压为 PAO₂ = FiO₂·(760 − 47) − PaCO₂/0.8 mmHg,A–a 梯度为 PAO₂ − PaO₂。
答案: AGc = 17.5 mmol/L
预期代偿:代谢性酸中毒时,温特公式预测 PaCO₂ = 1.5·HCO₃⁻ + 8 ± 2 mmHg;实测值高于该范围提示合并呼吸性酸中毒,低于该范围提示合并呼吸性碱中毒。阴离子间隙 AG = Na⁺ − (Cl⁻ + HCO₃⁻),正常约为 8–12 mmol/L,用于区分高阴离子间隙与正常阴离子间隙代谢性酸中毒;低白蛋白会掩盖升高的间隙(白蛋白低于 4.0 的部分,每 g/dL 加 2.5)。Δ 比值 (AG − 12)/(24 − HCO₃⁻) 约在 0.8 到 2 之间符合单纯高间隙酸中毒(有些教材用 1 代替 0.8),低于此范围提示合并正常间隙酸中毒,高于 2 提示合并代谢性碱中毒。
校正后高于约 12:阴离子间隙升高。
答案: 一度房室传导阻滞
节律标准(II 导联):窦性心律每个 QRS 之前都有直立的 P 波,PR 恒定为 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 狭窄:60–100 次/分为正常窦性心律,低于 60 为窦性心动过缓,高于 100 为窦性心动过速。心房颤动:无 P 波,基线呈颤动,R–R 绝对不规则。心房扑动:约 250–350 次/分的锯齿状扑动波,伴固定的传导比例,如 2:1 或 4:1。一度房室传导阻滞:窦性心律,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。交界性心律:窄 QRS,40–60 次/分,P 波缺失或倒置(PR 低于 0.12 s,或 P 波在 QRS 之后)。室性早搏(PVC)是提前出现的宽大(0.12 s 或以上)、形态怪异的 QRS,没有 P 波,T 波方向相反,通常有完全性代偿间歇;二联律是指每隔一个搏动就有一个室性早搏。
答案: PR 间期
每条心电图的五个步骤:1. 心率(300 法或 1500 法;若不规则则用 6 秒法);2. 节律:R–R 间期是否相等;3. P 波:是否存在、在 II 导联直立、每个 QRS 之前各有一个且形态一致;4. PR 间期:0.12–0.20 s 且恒定;5. QRS 时限:低于 0.12 s。五个步骤做完之后才命名节律。正常窦性心律五项全部符合:60–100 次/分,规则,每个 QRS 之前有直立 P 波,PR 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 低于 0.12 s。
本内容为独立练习材料。ExamProblems 与该考试的主办机构没有隶属关系,也未获其认可,考试名称仅用于描述内容。 NCLEX®, NCLEX-RN® and NCLEX-PN® 是 the National Council of State Boards of Nursing, Inc. (NCSBN) 的商标,该机构与 ExamProblems 无关,不为其背书,也不保证其准确性。
ExamProblems · examproblems.com/courses/nclex-rn-practice-questions