感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 40 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
Why should a patient wash and dry their hands before a fingerprick glucose test?
Where must the final identity check before a blood transfusion take place?
Before a defibrillator shock is delivered, what must the person operating it do?
A nurse has a needlestick from a patient with hepatitis B. The nurse finished the vaccine series and has a documented protective antibody level. Which statement is correct?
Which patient should the RN see first after receiving a report from the night nurse?
Before surgery, a nurse is asked to witness a patient’s consent. The patient was given a sedative 30 minutes ago. What should the nurse do?
A patient's low potassium does not improve despite potassium replacement. Which other electrolyte should be checked?
An older patient found on the floor after lying there for many hours has dark brown urine and a very high creatine kinase. What is the main risk?
For most hospitalized adults with diabetes who are critically ill, which glucose target range is commonly recommended?
一名严重呕吐的患者钾 3.0 mEq/L,氯 88 mEq/L,碳酸氢盐高。这显示什么模式?
新斯的明如何改善重症肌无力患者的肌力?
A patient taking digoxin has nausea, yellow-green vision and a dangerous arrhythmia. Which specific treatment can bind the drug?
根据现行指南,急性冠脉综合征患者何时应给氧?
Ten days after cardiac surgery, a patient has a fever, a red sternal wound with discharge and a clicking feeling in the chest when coughing. What should the nurse suspect?
Why are patients on haemodialysis vaccinated against hepatitis B?
一名急性肾小管坏死恢复中的患者进入多尿期,每天排尿超过 4 L。主要的护理关注点是什么?
Which is a usual benefit of laparoscopic over open abdominal surgery?
On day 3 after admission, a patient with alcohol dependence becomes confused, with hallucinations, sweating, tremor, fever and tachycardia. What is the most likely cause?
A woman with pre-eclampsia is on magnesium sulfate. Which task can be delegated to a healthcare assistant (unlicensed assistive personnel)?
一名实习护生正在护理接受光疗的黄疸新生儿。哪项做法需要纠正?
Which activity best supports a 9-year-old during a long hospital stay?
9 个月婴儿的哪项发现最需要尽快进行发育随访?
Which measurement should be monitored regularly in a patient taking venlafaxine?
A caller says she is a patient's sister and asks how he is doing. The patient has not given consent to share information. What should the nurse do?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一位患者的体温为 101.7 °F。用 °C = (°F − 32) × 5/9 把它换算为摄氏度T。取到一位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 医嘱为 5 mcg/kg/min,患者体重 60 kg。请把剂量速率D用 mg/h 表示。取到两位小数。
5 mL 的 0.5%(w/v)溶液中含有多少毫克药物 m?
一袋输液在 500 mL 中含 25000 单位药物。医嘱为每小时 500 单位。泵速 R 应设为多少 mL/h?
滴注以 40 gtt/min 的速度通过滴系数为 60 gtt/mL 的输液器。患者在 2 小时内接受多少毫升 V?
一袋液体在 50 mL 中含药 100 mg,以 8 mL/h 的速度输注。患者每小时获得多少毫克 D?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一项练习规程要求为体重 85 kg 的患者推注肝素 70 units/kg。药瓶规格为 5 000 units/mL。应抽取多少体积 V? 保留一位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一袋中含dobutamine 250 mg,容量 250 mL。医嘱为 10 mcg/kg/min,患者体重 102 kg。输液泵速率 R 应设为多少 mL/h? 保留一位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 12 小时班次中的出入量。患者体重 78 kg。求平均尿量 U,以 mL/kg/h 计。 保留两位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一份 1000 mL 的输液于 12:30 开始以 75 mL/h 输注。2 小时后速率改为 200 mL/h,之后不再改变。从开始算起多少小时 t 后袋子会输完? 保留一位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一位头部损伤后的练习患者呼唤时睁眼,能说成句子但意识模糊,最佳运动反应表现为:把手移到受压部位(定位)。 算出 GCS 并据此对头部损伤分级。点击你的答案。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 对这些观察结果使用 NEWS2 图表(SpO₂ 量表 1):呼吸频率 26 次/分,SpO₂ 94%吸室内空气,血压 136/82 mmHg,脉搏 76 次/分,清醒,体温 36.2 °C。患者属于哪个临床风险组?点击它。
某练习血气显示代谢性酸中毒,HCO₃⁻ 12 mmol/L。用温特公式求预期PaCO₂(范围的中心),单位 mmHg。
练习数值:Na⁺ 136,Cl⁻ 105,HCO₃⁻ 15 mmol/L,白蛋白 33 g/L。求经白蛋白校正的阴离子间隙 AGc = AG + 0.25·(40 − 白蛋白)。
解读这条 II 导联心律条带。这是什么节律?点击你的答案。
这条 II 导联心电图显示心房与心室之间存在传导问题。这是什么节律?点击你的答案。
答案: C · Sugar on the skin can give a falsely high reading
Traces of food or drink on the finger can raise the reading. Washing with water and drying fully gives an accurate result; alcohol wipes can also affect some meters.
答案: B · At the bedside, with the patient and their wristband
The final check matches the patient's identity, by asking and from the wristband, with the blood bag and prescription at the bedside. Most wrong-blood events come from checks done away from the patient.
答案: D · Call “all clear” and check that nobody is touching the patient or bed
Anyone touching the patient or bed could receive the shock. The operator announces “clear” and looks to confirm that nobody is in contact, and oxygen is moved away from the chest.
答案: C · No hepatitis B treatment is needed, but the injury is still reported and followed up
A documented vaccine responder is protected against hepatitis B and needs no hepatitis B prophylaxis. The exposure is still reported, because the nurse and source patient need assessment for HIV and hepatitis C as well.
答案: A · Day 1 after bowel surgery, new chest pain and heart rate 110/min
New chest pain and tachycardia after surgery could be a myocardial infarction or pulmonary embolism. This patient needs immediate assessment; the others have routine needs.
答案: A · Not witness the consent and inform the surgeon
Valid consent requires a patient who can understand and decide. After a sedative this may not be possible, so the nurse does not witness it and informs the surgeon, who is responsible for obtaining consent.
答案: C · Magnesium
Hypomagnesaemia increases renal potassium loss and makes hypokalaemia hard to correct. Magnesium must be replaced as well.
答案: B · Acute kidney injury from rhabdomyolysis
Prolonged pressure on muscles causes rhabdomyolysis, releasing myoglobin and potassium. Myoglobin can block kidney tubules; treatment includes IV fluids and close monitoring of urine output and electrolytes.
答案: B · About 140–180 mg/dL (7.8–10 mmol/L)
For most critically ill patients, insulin is used to keep glucose around 140–180 mg/dL (7.8–10 mmol/L). Lower targets increase the risk of hypoglycemia, and persistently higher levels increase infection and other complications.
答案: B · 胃酸丢失:低钾、低氯、代谢性碱中毒
呕吐丢失盐酸,因此氯下降、碳酸氢盐升高(代谢性碱中毒)。随后肾脏丢失钾。补充通常包括按处方使用含钾的 0.9% 氯化钠。核对依据: Alkalosis · StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf) (2024)
答案: A · 它抑制乙酰胆碱酯酶,使更多乙酰胆碱到达受体
新斯的明抑制神经肌肉接头处的乙酰胆碱酯酶,使乙酰胆碱作用时间延长,能更有效地激活剩余的烟碱受体。
答案: B · Digoxin immune Fab (antibody fragments)
Digoxin immune Fab binds digoxin in the blood and makes it inactive. It is used for life-threatening toxicity, such as serious arrhythmias or severe hyperkalaemia.
答案: C · 仅当 SpO₂ 低于目标范围时
对没有低氧血症的患者常规给予高流量氧气没有益处,还可能增大梗死面积。当饱和度低于目标值(例如某些指南为低于 90%,另一些为低于 94%)时才给氧。
答案: D · Sternal wound infection with an unstable sternum
Deep sternal wound infection and sternal dehiscence are serious complications, more common with diabetes, obesity and COPD. Signs include fever, wound discharge, redness and an unstable or clicking sternum. Urgent surgical review, wound swabs, blood cultures and antibiotics are needed.
答案: A · Shared dialysis units carry a higher infection risk
Haemodialysis involves repeated vascular access in a shared unit, which raises the risk of blood-borne infection. Vaccination, screening and strict infection control protect patients and staff.
答案: D · 脱水伴低钾低钠
在 ATN 的利尿期,滤过功能先于肾小管重吸收功能恢复,因此排出大量稀释尿。患者有低血容量以及钾和钠丢失的风险。应监测液体平衡、每日体重和电解质,并按医嘱补液。
答案: D · Less pain and a shorter hospital stay
Smaller incisions usually mean less pain, faster mobilisation, fewer wound complications and shorter stays. There are still risks, including injury to organs and shoulder-tip pain from the gas.
答案: A · Delirium tremens from alcohol withdrawal
Delirium tremens usually develops 2–3 days after stopping alcohol and is a medical emergency. It is treated with benzodiazepines, fluids, thiamine and close monitoring, ideally prevented by a withdrawal protocol.
答案: D · Measuring and recording urine output
Measuring and recording output can be delegated. The nurse assesses reflexes and breathing, interprets findings and manages the infusion.
答案: B · 在开灯前在皮肤上涂婴儿油
油和乳液在光疗灯下可能引起灼伤,不应涂抹。眼罩保护视网膜;由于液体丢失增加,需监测体温和水分状况;喂奶时可在不戴眼罩的情况下与婴儿进行眼神交流。
答案: B · Schoolwork and contact with classmates, plus games or hobbies
School-age children need to feel competent and connected. Hospital school, contact with friends and age-appropriate games, crafts and collections support Erikson's task of industry and reduce feelings of isolation.
答案: B · 婴儿只用一只手,忽略另一只手
约 18 个月之前出现明显的利手偏好,可能提示另一侧无力,例如脑瘫。不会走、怕生和没有清晰的词是 9 个月时的典型表现。
答案: D · Blood pressure
Venlafaxine is an SNRI. By increasing noradrenaline, it can raise blood pressure, particularly at higher doses, so blood pressure is checked regularly.
答案: C · Neither confirm nor deny that he is there, and offer to pass on a message
Without the patient's consent, the nurse should not disclose that a person is receiving mental health care. Offering to pass on a message respects confidentiality while allowing the patient to decide.
答案: T = 38.7 °C
温度:°C = (°F − 32) × 5/9,°F = °C × 9/5 + 32。从 °F 换算时先减 32 再乘,从 °C 换算时先乘再加 32。快速核对:37 °C 为 98.6 °F,每 1 °C 相当于 1.8 °F。
答案: D = 18 mg/h
量纲分析:先写出已知量,再乘以写成分数形式的换算系数(例如 60 min/1 h 或 1 mg/1000 mcg),使每个不需要的单位在分子和分母各出现一次并相互约去。只剩下所求单位时再计算。使用题目给出的等量关系,只对最终答案取整。
答案: m = 25 mg
Solution strengths: a percentage strength is grams per 100 mL, so 1% = 1 g/100 mL = 10 mg/mL. A ratio strength 1:1000 means 1 g in 1000 mL = 1 mg/mL; 1:10 000 is 0.1 mg/mL. For a dilution the amount of drug stays the same: C₁·V₁ = C₂·V₂.
答案: R = 10 mL/h
剂量计算:给药量等于医嘱剂量除以现有药物的规格,再乘以该规格对应的量:给药量 = (医嘱剂量/储备规格) × 储备体积。始终统一单位(先把 g 换成 mg,mg 换成 mcg),并检查答案是否合理。
答案: V = 80 mL
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
答案: D = 16 mg/h
输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。
答案: V = 1.2 mL
肝素和胰岛素输注:浓度 = 袋中单位数/袋容量 (units/mL)。泵速 (mL/h) = 每小时单位数/浓度,每小时单位数 = mL/h × 浓度。按体重给药时,先求 units/h = units/kg/h × 体重。推注体积 = 所需单位数/药瓶规格。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: R = 61.2 mL/h
滴定输注:先求以 mcg/mL 计的浓度(mg × 1000/mL)。按体重给药时,mcg/min = mcg/kg/min × 体重。然后 mL/h = mcg/min × 60/浓度。反推时,mcg/kg/min = mL/h × 浓度/(60 × 体重)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: U = 0.61 mL/kg/h
出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: t = 6.3 h
输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
约为 6 h 15 min,所以袋子大约在 18:45 输完。
答案: 中度
格拉斯哥昏迷量表:把三个方面的最佳反应相加。睁眼 E:4 自发,3 对声音或言语,2 对压迫,1 无。言语 V:5 定向正常,4 意识模糊,3 用词不恰当,2 发出无法理解的声音,1 无。运动 M:6 遵嘱动作,5 定位,4 正常屈曲(回缩),3 异常屈曲,2 伸展,1 无。总分为 3 至 15。头部损伤后,13–15 通常称为轻度,9–12 为中度,3–8 为重度。
答案: 中低
NEWS2(国家早期预警评分 2,英国皇家内科医师学会 2017):按图表为七个参数分别评分(呼吸频率、量表 1 的 SpO₂、吸空气还是吸氧、收缩压、脉搏、按 ACVPU 量表评定的意识状态和体温),然后把分数相加。临床风险:0–4 为低;任何单项参数得 3 分为中低;5–6 为中;7 或以上为高。总分 5 或以上需要紧急响应。
即使总分低,单项得 3 分也需要紧急会诊。
答案: PaCO₂ = 26 mmHg
预期代偿:代谢性酸中毒时,温特公式预测 PaCO₂ = 1.5·HCO₃⁻ + 8 ± 2 mmHg;实测值高于该范围提示合并呼吸性酸中毒,低于该范围提示合并呼吸性碱中毒。阴离子间隙 AG = Na⁺ − (Cl⁻ + HCO₃⁻),正常约为 8–12 mmol/L,用于区分高阴离子间隙与正常阴离子间隙代谢性酸中毒;低白蛋白会掩盖升高的间隙(白蛋白低于 4.0 的部分,每 g/dL 加 2.5)。Δ 比值 (AG − 12)/(24 − HCO₃⁻) 约在 0.8 到 2 之间符合单纯高间隙酸中毒(有些教材用 1 代替 0.8),低于此范围提示合并正常间隙酸中毒,高于 2 提示合并代谢性碱中毒。
答案: AGc = 17.75 mmol/L
预期代偿:代谢性酸中毒时,温特公式预测 PaCO₂ = 1.5·HCO₃⁻ + 8 ± 2 mmHg;实测值高于该范围提示合并呼吸性酸中毒,低于该范围提示合并呼吸性碱中毒。阴离子间隙 AG = Na⁺ − (Cl⁻ + HCO₃⁻),正常约为 8–12 mmol/L,用于区分高阴离子间隙与正常阴离子间隙代谢性酸中毒;低白蛋白会掩盖升高的间隙(白蛋白低于 4.0 的部分,每 g/dL 加 2.5)。Δ 比值 (AG − 12)/(24 − HCO₃⁻) 约在 0.8 到 2 之间符合单纯高间隙酸中毒(有些教材用 1 代替 0.8),低于此范围提示合并正常间隙酸中毒,高于 2 提示合并代谢性碱中毒。
校正后高于约 12:阴离子间隙升高。
答案: 窦性心动过缓
节律标准(II 导联):窦性心律每个 QRS 之前都有直立的 P 波,PR 恒定为 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 狭窄:60–100 次/分为正常窦性心律,低于 60 为窦性心动过缓,高于 100 为窦性心动过速。心房颤动:无 P 波,基线呈颤动,R–R 绝对不规则。心房扑动:约 250–350 次/分的锯齿状扑动波,伴固定的传导比例,如 2:1 或 4:1。一度房室传导阻滞:窦性心律,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。交界性心律:窄 QRS,40–60 次/分,P 波缺失或倒置(PR 低于 0.12 s,或 P 波在 QRS 之后)。室性早搏(PVC)是提前出现的宽大(0.12 s 或以上)、形态怪异的 QRS,没有 P 波,T 波方向相反,通常有完全性代偿间歇;二联律是指每隔一个搏动就有一个室性早搏。
答案: 二度 I 型房室传导阻滞(文氏现象)
房室传导阻滞:逐个标出 P 波,检查哪些 P 波后面跟着 QRS。一度:每个 P 波都下传,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。二度 I 型(Mobitz I,文氏现象):PR 逐搏延长,直到一个 P 波未下传,然后周期重新开始(成组搏动)。二度 II 型(Mobitz II):下传搏动的 PR 保持恒定,P 波突然不下传;QRS 常增宽。三度(完全性)阻滞:P 波和 QRS 波群各自规则但互相独立,PR 随机变化,心房率快于逸搏率(交界性逸搏 40–60 次/分,QRS 窄;室性逸搏 20–40 次/分,QRS 宽)。2:1 阻滞仅凭一份条带无法判断是 I 型还是 II 型。
本内容为独立练习材料。ExamProblems 与该考试的主办机构没有隶属关系,也未获其认可,考试名称仅用于描述内容。 NCLEX®, NCLEX-RN® and NCLEX-PN® 是 the National Council of State Boards of Nursing, Inc. (NCSBN) 的商标,该机构与 ExamProblems 无关,不为其背书,也不保证其准确性。
ExamProblems · examproblems.com/courses/nclex-rn-practice-questions