NCLEX 风格练习题(RN):速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 40 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。

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1公式与方法

感染控制与患者安全

方法

  1. 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
  2. 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
  3. 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
  4. 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
  5. 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。

优先排序与委派

方法

  1. 问自己:如果什么都不做,什么会最快伤害患者。
  2. 应用 ABC(心脏骤停时为 C-A-B),然后是 Maslow 需求层次:生理需要先于安全,安全先于心理需要。
  3. 比较各选项:急性先于慢性,不稳定先于稳定,意外先于预期,全身性先于局部,并将每项发现与患者的基线对照。
  4. 除非是紧急情况,否则先评估再行动;然后选择其他步骤所依赖的那一步。
  5. 委派时核对五项正确:任务、情境、人员、指示和监督。评估、宣教和评价仍由注册护士负责。

实验室检查值与电解质

方法

  1. 把数值与本实验室自己的参考范围比较,再与患者的基线和趋势比较。
  2. 检查标本:溶血、延迟,或在静脉输液附近采血都可能得出错误结果。
  3. 把数值与其典型体征以及引起它的药物和疾病联系起来。
  4. 注意相互作用:低钾或低镁会增加地高辛中毒的风险;脱水会使锂浓度升高。
  5. 对患者采取行动:评估,血药浓度不安全时暂停用药,复述危急值并通知开医嘱的医生。

内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

方法

  1. 说出问题所在:泵衰竭、动脉阻塞、节律、血栓、气道狭窄、感染或设备问题。
  2. 先检查危险征象:低氧、低血压、胸痛、新出现的意识模糊、冰冷无脉搏的肢体。
  3. 让氧疗与患者相匹配:大多数人为 94–98%,有 CO₂ 潴留风险者为 88–92%。
  4. 把每种药物与其检测和风险联系起来:华法林与 INR,肝素与 aPTT 和血小板,利尿剂与血钾。
  5. 选择安全的第一步措施,然后升级处理并重新评估。

内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

方法

  1. 对每位新出现意识模糊、乏力或癫痫发作的患者都检查血糖。
  2. 把意识水平作为脑部问题最早的警示;瞳孔变化和库欣三联征出现得较晚。
  3. 对于糖尿病急症,要区分 DKA(酮体、酸中毒)和 HHS(渗透压很高、脱水);先补液。
  4. 对于钠和水,要判断是 ADH 过多(SIADH)还是缺乏(尿崩症),并缓慢纠正慢性变化。
  5. 对于肾脏问题,把原因分为肾前性、肾性或肾后性,并监测血钾和液体。

内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

方法

  1. 想一想可能隐藏着什么:内出血、无发热的感染、SpO₂ 正常背后的通气不足。
  2. 利用术后的时间来缩小并发症的范围:出血在数小时内,胸部问题在数天内,伤口和吻合口漏出现得更晚。
  3. 对于疼痛,要评估、用多模式镇痛治疗、重新评估,并且在每次使用阿片类药物时监测镇静程度。
  4. 对于癌症患者,把低谷期的任何疾病都当作中性粒细胞减少性脓毒症处理,并了解肿瘤急症。
  5. 对于烧伤,只计算浅二度/深二度和三度的面积,从烧伤的时刻开始计算 Parkland 时间,并根据尿量调整。

产科护理

方法

  1. 把产妇放在时间轴上定位:孕周、产程阶段或产后第几天,再判断此时什么是正常的。
  2. 找出处于危险中的对象:母亲、胎儿或新生儿,或者其中不止一个。
  3. 把发现与其原因联系起来:减速用 VEAL CHOP,出血用四个 T,产后用 BUBBLE-HE。
  4. 优先选择改善血流和氧合的措施(侧卧、停用缩宫素、宫底按摩),然后再升级处理。

儿科护理

方法

  1. 先记下患儿的年龄:它决定正常生命体征、发育里程碑和合适的疼痛量表。
  2. 评估气道、呼吸和循环,记住儿童代偿很久之后会迅速恶化。
  3. 让措施与发育阶段相匹配,并让家属参与。
  4. 检查答案对儿童是否安全:按体重计算,病毒感染不用阿司匹林,12 岁以下不用可待因。

精神科护理

方法

  1. 判断是否存在即时风险:自杀、暴力、药物急症或躯体疾病。
  2. 先保障安全:观察、移除危险物品、缓和局面、停用有害药物、寻求帮助。
  3. 选择治疗性回应:承认感受、陈述现实,避免虚假的安慰和“为什么”式提问。
  4. 尊重权利:采用限制最少的方案,知情同意,以及保密及其限度。

护理数学与单位换算

公制进位
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
体重和长度
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
家用计量
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
温度
°C = (°F − 32)·5/9, °F = °C·9/5 + 32
24 小时制
PM 1–11 点:加 12; 12 AM = 00:xx; 12 PM = 12:xx
给药速率
mcg/min × 60/1000 = mg/h
实验室换算系数
葡萄糖 1 mmol/L = 18 mg/dL; 肌酐 1 mg/dL = 88.4 µmol/L; Hb 1 g/dL = 10 g/L

方法

  1. 写出已知量及其单位,以及你想要的单位。
  2. 选定等量关系:kg、g、mg 和 mcg 之间,或 L 和 mL 之间为 1000;1 kg = 2.2 lb;1 tsp = 5 mL,1 tbsp = 15 mL,1 fl oz = 30 mL,1 cup = 240 mL。
  3. 写成分数,使不需要的单位相互约去;对于速率,每个变化的单位用一个分数。
  4. 检查方向:单位越小,数字越大。
  5. 只对最终答案取整,精度按题目所述。

剂量计算

由浓度计算剂量
体积 = 剂量 / 浓度
按体重给药
剂量 = mg/kg × 体重
片剂
片数 = 剂量 / 每片规格
单位
1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg

方法

  1. 把医嘱剂量和药品规格换算为同一单位。
  2. 用“需要量除以现有量再乘以数量”:(D/H) × Q。
  3. 按体重给药时,先乘以以 kg 计的体重,再用日剂量除以给药次数。
  4. 先估算,再检查答案是否合理。

静脉输液速度

泵速
mL/h = volume (mL)/time (h)
滴速
drops/min = volume (mL) × drop factor / time (min)
输注时间
time (h) = volume (mL)/rate (mL/h)

方法

  1. 泵速 mL/h:体积除以以小时计的时间。
  2. 滴速 drops/min:体积 × 滴系数,再除以以分钟计的时间。
  3. 剩余时间:剩余体积除以速率。
  4. 按题目或设备的要求取整。

儿科与重症剂量计算

日剂量
mg/day = mg/kg/day × 体重 (kg)
每日给药次数
次数 = 24 h / 给药间隔 (h)
磅换算为千克
kg = lb / 2.2
输注浓度
units/mL = 袋中单位数 / 袋容量
泵速
mL/h = 每小时剂量 / 浓度
滴定输注
mL/h = mcg/kg/min × kg × 60 / (mcg/mL)
由泵速求剂量
mcg/kg/min = mL/h × (mcg/mL) / (60 × kg)
单位
1 mg = 1000 mcg

静脉输液与液体平衡

Holliday–Segar 每小时量
4 mL/kg(前 10 kg)+ 2 mL/kg(次 10 kg)+ 1 mL/kg(20 kg 以上每 kg)
Holliday–Segar 每日量
相同分段分别为 100 / 50 / 20 mL/kg
液体平衡
入量 − 出量
冰屑
按其体积的一半计算
尿量
mL/kg/h = mL / (kg × h)
输注时间
时间 (h) = 剩余体积 (mL) / 速率 (mL/h)
已输入体积
mL = 速率 × 时间

临床评估评分

格拉斯哥昏迷量表
GCS = E (1–4) + V (1–5) + M (1–6) = 3–15
Apgar
5 项体征 × 0–2 = 0–10; 7–10 令人放心, 4–6 中度异常, 0–3 低
Braden 量表
5 × (1–4) + 1 × (1–3) = 6–23; ≤ 18 有风险
Morse 跌倒评分
跌倒 25, 诊断 15, 辅助 15/30, 静脉输液 20, 步态 10/20, 精神状态 15
NEWS2 风险
0–4 低; 单项 3 分为中低; 5–6 中; ≥ 7 高
平均动脉压
MAP = (SBP + 2·DBP)/3 = DBP + PP/3
脉压和休克指数
PP = SBP − DBP, SI = HR/SBP
体质指数
BMI = kg/m² = 703·lb/in²

方法

  1. 找出题目使用的评分表及其范围(GCS 3–15,Apgar 0–10,Braden 6–23,Morse 0–125)。
  2. 分别为每个条目评分,将描述与其对应的等级匹配。
  3. 把各条目得分相加,并检查总分是否在范围内。
  4. 应用分界值:对于 NEWS2,还要查看是否有单项参数得 3 分。
  5. 对于导出的数值,使用 MAP = (SBP + 2·DBP)/3,PP = SBP − DBP,SI = HR/SBP,BMI = kg/m²。

动脉血气分析解读

正常范围
pH 7.35–7.45, PaCO₂ 35–45 mmHg (4.7–6.0 kPa), HCO₃⁻ 22–26 mmol/L
ROME
呼吸性:PaCO₂ 与 pH 相反; 代谢性:HCO₃⁻ 与 pH 同向
温特公式
PaCO₂ = 1.5·HCO₃⁻ + 8 ± 2
代谢性碱中毒
PaCO₂ ≈ 0.7·HCO₃⁻ + 21
阴离子间隙
AG = Na⁺ − (Cl⁻ + HCO₃⁻) ≈ 8–12
白蛋白校正阴离子间隙
AG + 2.5·(4.0 − alb g/dL) = AG + 0.25·(40 − alb g/L)
Δ 比值
(AG − 12)/(24 − HCO₃⁻)
P/F 比值
PaO₂/FiO₂
肺泡气方程
PAO₂ = FiO₂·(760 − 47) − PaCO₂/0.8
血清渗透压
2·Na⁺ + glucose + urea (2·Na⁺ + glucose/18 + BUN/2.8)

方法

  1. 先看 pH:低于 7.35 为酸中毒,高于 7.45 为碱中毒。
  2. 找出能解释它的指标:PaCO₂ 与 pH 反向变化为呼吸性,HCO₃⁻ 与 pH 同向变化为代谢性。
  3. 再看另一个指标:正常表示未代偿,沿代偿方向异常表示部分代偿,pH 正常而两项指标都异常表示完全代偿。
  4. 对于代谢性酸中毒,用温特公式 1.5·HCO₃⁻ + 8 ± 2 与 PaCO₂ 比较,并计算阴离子间隙 Na⁺ − (Cl⁻ + HCO₃⁻)。
  5. 阴离子间隙升高时,用 Δ 比值检查;白蛋白偏低时,再用校正后的间隙检查。

心电图节律条带解读

纸速(25 mm/s,10 mm/mV)
1 个小格 = 0.04 s, 1 个大格 = 0.20 s, 10 mm = 1 mV
心率,节律规则
300 ÷ 大格数 = 1500 ÷ 小格数 = 60 ÷ RR (s)
心率,节律不规则
6 s 内的 QRS 波群数 × 10
正常 PR 间期
0.12–0.20 s
正常 QRS 时限
< 0.12 s
QTc(Bazett)
QT/√RR
QTc(Fridericia)
QT/∛RR
QTc(Framingham)
QT + 154·(1 − RR)
窦性心率
心动过缓 < 60, 正常 60–100, 心动过速 > 100 次/分
逸搏心率
交界性 40–60, 室性 20–40 次/分
快速性心律
SVT 150–250 /min(窄), VT > 100 /min(宽)

方法

  1. 心率:节律规则时,用 300 除以两个 R 波之间的大格数,或用 1500 除以小格数;节律不规则时,数 6 秒内的 QRS 波群数并乘以 10。
  2. 节律:比较 R–R 间期。相等为规则;有重复规律为规律性不规则;完全没有规律为绝对不规则。
  3. P 波:II 导联中每个 QRS 之前是否都有直立的 P 波,且形态一致?注意寻找颤动波或锯齿状波、倒置的 P 波以及后面没有 QRS 的 P 波。
  4. PR 间期:从 P 波起点到 QRS 起点,正常为 0.12–0.20 s 且恒定。注意它是逐渐延长、在脱漏搏动之前保持固定,还是随机变化。
  5. QRS 时限:低于 0.12 s 为窄;0.12 s 或以上为宽。然后命名节律,QT 用 QTc = QT/√RR(Bazett),时间以秒计。

2练习题

1.护理学基础中等

How should the opening of a stoma bag be cut?

  1. AMuch larger than the stoma so that the edge never rubs against it
  2. BSmaller than the stoma so it grips it tightly
  3. CIn any shape, as long as the bag sticks
  4. DTo fit closely around the stoma without pressing on it
2.护理学基础困难

In an emergency a doctor gives a verbal order for a medicine. What should the nurse do?

  1. ARefuse to give any medicine until a written prescription has been completed
  2. BGive it and tell the doctor nothing more
  3. CWrite it down, read it back and make sure it is signed later as per policy
  4. DAsk another nurse to remember the order
3.感染控制与患者安全中等

A newly hired nurse had BCG vaccine as a child. Which TB screening test is usually preferred?

  1. AA tuberculin skin test, which is read 24 hours after it is placed
  2. BNo screening, because BCG prevents all TB
  3. CAn interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) blood test
  4. DA chest x-ray every month for the first year
4.感染控制与患者安全困难

A patient receiving chemotherapy has an absolute neutrophil count of 400/mm3 (0.4 × 109/L) and a new temperature of 38.3 °C (100.9 °F). What should the nurse do?

  1. AGive an antipyretic and reassess at the next routine round
  2. BRecheck the temperature in four hours before calling anyone about it
  3. CReport it at once, because fever with severe neutropenia is an emergency
  4. DEncourage oral fluids and record the result in the chart
5.优先排序与委派中等

After a hip replacement, a patient has sudden severe hip pain, and the operated leg looks shorter and turned. What should the nurse suspect?

  1. ANormal pain after surgery
  2. BA urinary tract infection
  3. CDislocation of the new hip
  4. DA pressure injury on the heel
6.优先排序与委派困难

The charge nurse overhears four instructions from an RN to a nursing assistant. Which one needs to be corrected?

  1. A“Check his glucose before lunch and tell me the number straight away.”
  2. B“Check his glucose and give the insulin according to the sliding scale.”
  3. C“Walk him to the bathroom and back, and stay with him the whole time.”
  4. D“Help him wash and change, and tell me at once if you see any red or broken skin.”
7.临床护理中等

A patient on the ward has shingles with open blisters. Which people are most at risk from contact?

  1. AOnly people over 80 who have already had shingles themselves
  2. BPeople who have already had chickenpox in childhood and are now healthy
  3. CNo one, because shingles cannot spread
  4. DPregnant women and immunocompromised people who have not had chickenpox
8.临床护理困难

A patient took a large paracetamol (acetaminophen) overdose six hours ago and says they feel well. Why is treatment still urgent?

  1. APatients who feel well after six hours never need any treatment at all
  2. BParacetamol overdose causes immediate breathing problems
  3. CLiver damage develops later, and the antidote works best when given early
  4. DParacetamol damage only shows up in the kidneys, many weeks later
9.实验室检查值与电解质中等

A patient has weight loss, tremor and heat intolerance. Which thyroid test pattern fits Graves disease?

  1. ALow TSH with a high free T4
  2. BHigh TSH with a normal free T4
  3. CNormal TSH with a low free T4
  4. DHigh TSH with a low free T4
10.实验室检查值与电解质困难

A patient taking isoniazid for latent TB reports nausea, loss of appetite and dark urine. The ALT is five times the upper limit of normal. What is the best action?

  1. AContinue the isoniazid and give it with food to settle the stomach
  2. BReassure the patient that dark urine is a harmless drug effect
  3. CDouble the dose to finish the treatment course more quickly
  4. DHold the isoniazid and report the findings to the prescriber at once
11.药理学中等

Digoxin 0.25 mg is ordered. The tablets available are 0.125 mg. How many tablets should be given?

  1. A0.5 tablet
  2. B1 tablet
  3. C4 tablets
  4. D2 tablets
12.药理学困难

A patient taking a GLP-1 receptor agonist such as semaglutide has severe, constant upper abdominal pain spreading to the back, with vomiting. What should the nurse suspect?

  1. AAcute pancreatitis; the drug is stopped and urgent assessment arranged
  2. BExpected nausea; the patient should take the next dose with food
  3. CConstipation; a laxative will solve the problem
  4. DHypoglycaemia; the patient should eat sweets and continue as usual
13.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸中等

Why is intravenous furosemide given slowly rather than as a rapid push of a large dose?

  1. ARapid doses cause the potassium level to rise
  2. BRapid high doses can damage hearing
  3. CRapid doses cause severe constipation
  4. DSlow injection makes the urine output larger
14.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸困难

A patient with severe chronic kidney disease needs therapeutic anticoagulation for a DVT. Why might unfractionated heparin be chosen instead of a low-molecular-weight heparin?

  1. AUnfractionated heparin is taken by mouth
  2. BLMWH cannot be given to anyone over 60
  3. CUnfractionated heparin has no bleeding risk at all
  4. DLMWH is cleared by the kidneys and can accumulate
15.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏中等

一名服用卡比马唑治疗甲状腺功能亢进的患者主诉咽痛和发热。护士应怎么做?

  1. A安慰患者,因为该药没有严重的血液副作用
  2. B安排紧急全血细胞计数,排查粒细胞缺乏症
  3. C建议用盐水漱口,并继续服药一周
  4. D将剂量加倍,以更快控制甲状腺
16.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏困难

Two days after surgery, an 80-year-old woman is quiet, sleepy, slow to answer and eating little. Her daughter says she is "not herself". What should the nurse suspect?

  1. ASimple low mood about being in hospital
  2. BNormal tiredness after an operation
  3. CHypoactive delirium
  4. DThe start of Alzheimer's disease
17.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤中等

Which advice helps a person with diabetes prevent foot ulcers?

  1. ACut corns off at home with a sharp blade
  2. BSoak the feet in very hot water every evening
  3. CCheck the feet every day and never walk barefoot
  4. DWear tight shoes to support the ankles
18.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤困难

A patient with three fractured ribs is taking shallow breaths because of pain. Why is effective analgesia a priority?

  1. AShallow breathing can lead to atelectasis and pneumonia
  2. BGood analgesia makes rib fractures heal fully within a few days
  3. CPain relief is only needed for the patient's comfort
  4. DRib pain always means the heart is damaged
19.产科护理中等

Which antihypertensive is commonly used in pregnancy but should be avoided in a woman with asthma?

  1. ALabetalol
  2. BHydralazine
  3. CMethyldopa
  4. DNifedipine
20.产科护理困难

A newborn is pale, has a heart rate of 170/min and weak pulses after a difficult vacuum birth. The scalp is boggy and swelling across the sutures is increasing. What should the nurse suspect?

  1. ANormal moulding
  2. BSubgaleal haemorrhage
  3. CCaput succedaneum
  4. DSimple cephalhaematoma
21.儿科护理中等

A baby with developmental dysplasia of the hip has a Pavlik harness. Which teaching is correct?

  1. ATake it off every night so the baby can sleep more comfortably and move freely
  2. BKeep it on as instructed, do not adjust the straps and check the skin daily
  3. CApply powder and lotion under the straps to protect the skin
  4. DTighten the straps each week as the baby grows
22.儿科护理困难

一名肾病综合征患儿正在使用大剂量皮质类固醇。对家属来说,哪项指导最重要?

  1. A及时报告发热或感染征象
  2. B鼓励高盐饮食
  3. C治疗期间接种活疫苗
  4. D水肿消退后突然停用类固醇
23.精神科护理中等

A patient who is detained under mental health legislation does not return from escorted leave. What should the nurse do?

  1. AStart the missing patient procedure at once, informing the team and, if required, the police
  2. BDo nothing, because patients are allowed to leave whenever they want
  3. CRemove his name from the ward list and give his bed to a new patient who is waiting for admission
  4. DWait until the next day, because he will probably return on his own
24.精神科护理困难

A patient taking venlafaxine has started a second serotonergic medicine. She is restless, sweating, has a fast pulse and twitching muscles. What should the nurse do first?

  1. AGive paracetamol (acetaminophen) and check her again tomorrow
  2. BEncourage her to walk or exercise in the garden to relieve the restlessness and muscle twitching
  3. CHold the serotonergic medicines and inform the prescriber urgently
  4. DGive the next dose of venlafaxine as planned
25.护理数学与单位换算中等
153 cm1 in = 2.54 cmh = ? in

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一位患者身高 153 cm。按 1 in = 2.54 cm,求以英寸表示的身高h。取到一位小数。

153 cm1 in = 2.54 cm
h = in
26.护理数学与单位换算困难
1 tsp? mL3 fl oz? mL2 tbsp? mL3 杯? mLΣ = ? mL

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一个班次中,患者摄入了1 tsp / 止咳糖浆, 3 fl oz / 果汁, 2 tbsp / 液体营养补充剂, 3 杯 / 茶。按给出的等量关系,求以 mL 表示的口服总摄入量V。

1 tsp = 5 mL1 fl oz = 30 mL1 tbsp = 15 mL1 杯 = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
V = mL
27.剂量计算中等
1:10 000安瓿V = ? mL

一支肾上腺素预充式注射器标示为 1:10 000(0.1 mg/mL)。医嘱为心脏骤停时 1 mg 静脉注射(IV)。你应给多少体积 V?

1:10 0001 mg
V = mL
28.剂量计算困难
100 mg/5 mLV = ? mL

一名体重 12 kg 的儿童,医嘱为口服混悬液每次 12.5 mg/kg,该混悬液每 5 mL 含 100 mg。你应给多少体积 V?

12 kg12.5 mg/kg100 mg/5 mL
V = mL
29.静脉输液速度中等
360 mL剩余? mL/h4 h 剩余

医嘱要求在 6 小时内输入 500 mL。2 小时后你发现袋中还剩 360 mL,而输液仍须按时完成。 必须把泵重新设定为多少 mL/h 的速率 R?

500 mL / 6 h经过 2 h: 360 mL
R = mL/h
30.静脉输液速度困难
400 mg100 mL8 mL/h? mg/h

一袋液体在 100 mL 中含药 400 mg,以 8 mL/h 的速度输注。患者每小时获得多少毫克 D?

400 mg/100 mL8 mL/h
D = mg/h
31.儿科与重症剂量计算中等
100 件100 mL普通胰岛素? mL/h57 kg0.1 件/kg/h

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一份输液含普通胰岛素 100 单位,容量 100 mL。医嘱为 0.1 units/kg/h,患者体重 57 kg。求泵速 R,以 mL/h 计。 保留一位小数。

100 件/100 mL0.1 件/kg/h57 kg
R = mL/h
32.儿科与重症剂量计算困难
250 mg250 mLdobutamine35 mL/h109 kg? mcg/kg/min

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一份含dobutamine 250 mg、容量 250 mL 的输液以 35 mL/h 输注。患者体重 109 kg。患者接受的剂量 D 是多少 mcg/kg/min? 保留一位小数。

250 mg/250 mL35 mL/h109 kg
D = mcg/kg/min
33.静脉输液与液体平衡中等
入量出量12 小时班次茶150 mL汤150 mL静脉输液100 mL/h × 12 h静脉抗生素2 × 100 mL尿液175 mL尿液425 mL尿液450 mL尿液400 mL伤口引流120 mL呕吐物200 mL

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 12 小时班次中的出入量。静脉输液在整个班次中按所示速率输注。求总入量 I,以 mL 计。

茶: 150 mL汤: 150 mL静脉输液: 100 mL/h × 12 h静脉抗生素: 2 × 100 mL
I = mL
34.静脉输液与液体平衡困难
500 mL300 mL 已输入100 mL/h15:00t = ? h

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一袋 500 mL 的液体用输液泵以 100 mL/h 输注。到 15:00 时已输入 300 mL。还要多少小时 t 袋子才会输完? 保留一位小数。

500 mL300 mL 已输入100 mL/h
t = h
35.临床评估评分中等
S? / 4+M? / 4+A? / 4+Mob? / 4+N? / 4+F? / 3Σ?

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 用 Braden 量表评估一位练习患者:感觉知觉: 轻度受限; 潮湿程度: 非常潮湿; 活动: 经常步行; 活动能力: 完全不能活动; 营养: 非常差; 摩擦力和剪切力: 潜在问题。求 Braden 总分B。

6–23
B =
36.临床评估评分困难
低风险中度风险高风险

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 用 Morse 跌倒评分评估一位练习患者:过去 3 个月内的跌倒史: 否; 次要诊断: 否; 行走辅助: 无、卧床休息或由护士协助; 静脉输液或封管: 是; 步态: 正常、卧床休息或轮椅; 精神状态: 了解自身局限。使用分界值 0–24 低,25–44 中度,45 或以上高,点击跌倒风险等级。

  1. 1低风险
  2. 2中度风险
  3. 3高风险
37.动脉血气分析解读中等

某练习血气显示代谢性酸中毒,HCO₃⁻ 6 mmol/L。用温特公式求预期PaCO₂(范围的中心),单位 mmHg。

HCO₃⁻ 6 mmol/L
PaCO₂ = mmHg
38.动脉血气分析解读困难

在海平面,某练习血气取自吸入 28% 氧气时,显示 PaO₂ 67 mmHg (8.9 kPa),PaCO₂ 38 mmHg (5.1 kPa)。用 PAO₂ = FiO₂·(760 − 47) − PaCO₂/0.8 求A–a 梯度。

FiO₂ 28%PaO₂ 67 mmHg (8.9 kPa)PaCO₂ 38 mmHg (5.1 kPa)
A–a 梯度 = mmHg
39.心电图节律条带解读中等
II25 mm/s · 10 mm/mV二度 II 型房室传导阻滞窦性心律伴室性早搏窦性心动过缓窦性心律伴窦性停搏

解读这条 II 导联心律条带。这是什么节律?点击你的答案。

II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
  1. 1二度 II 型房室传导阻滞
  2. 2窦性心律伴室性早搏
  3. 3窦性心动过缓
  4. 4窦性心律伴窦性停搏
40.心电图节律条带解读困难
II25 mm/s · 10 mm/mV折旧率节律P 波PR 间期QRS 时限

依次按五个步骤解读这条 II 导联心电图:心率、节律、P 波、PR 间期、QRS 时限。你在哪一步发现第一个异常?点击它。

II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
  1. 1折旧率
  2. 2节律
  3. 3P 波
  4. 4PR 间期
  5. 5QRS 时限

3溶液

1.护理学基础

答案: D · To fit closely around the stoma without pressing on it

为什么是这个答案

The opening should fit snugly so stoma output does not reach the skin, but not so tight that it damages the stoma. Stomas shrink in the weeks after surgery, so the size is re-measured.

答案

D · To fit closely around the stoma without pressing on it
2.护理学基础

答案: C · Write it down, read it back and make sure it is signed later as per policy

为什么是这个答案

Verbal orders are used only where local policy allows, such as emergencies. Reading back the drug, dose and route confirms the order, and it is documented and signed as soon as possible.

答案

C · Write it down, read it back and make sure it is signed later as per policy
3.感染控制与患者安全

答案: C · An interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) blood test

为什么是这个答案

BCG vaccine can cause a false-positive tuberculin skin test. IGRA blood tests are not affected by BCG, so they are preferred for people who have had the vaccine.

答案

C · An interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) blood test
4.感染控制与患者安全

答案: C · Report it at once, because fever with severe neutropenia is an emergency

为什么是这个答案

Febrile neutropenia can progress to sepsis quickly. The nurse reports it immediately so cultures can be taken and antibiotics started without delay.

答案

C · Report it at once, because fever with severe neutropenia is an emergency
5.优先排序与委派

答案: C · Dislocation of the new hip

为什么是这个答案

Sudden pain with shortening and rotation of the leg suggests prosthetic hip dislocation. The nurse keeps the leg still, checks circulation and informs the surgeon.

答案

C · Dislocation of the new hip
6.优先排序与委派

答案: B · “Check his glucose and give the insulin according to the sliding scale.”

为什么是这个答案

Giving insulin is medication administration and needs a licensed nurse. Measuring glucose, hygiene and supervised walking are suitable tasks with clear reporting instructions.

答案

B · “Check his glucose and give the insulin according to the sliding scale.”
7.临床护理

答案: D · Pregnant women and immunocompromised people who have not had chickenpox

为什么是这个答案

Someone who has never had chickenpox can catch chickenpox from contact with shingles blisters. Non-immune pregnant and immunocompromised people are at particular risk, so lesions are covered and precautions followed.

答案

D · Pregnant women and immunocompromised people who have not had chickenpox
8.临床护理

答案: C · Liver damage develops later, and the antidote works best when given early

为什么是这个答案

Paracetamol overdose may cause few early symptoms, but liver failure can develop over days. Acetylcysteine is most effective when started early, guided by timed paracetamol levels.

答案

C · Liver damage develops later, and the antidote works best when given early
9.实验室检查值与电解质

答案: A · Low TSH with a high free T4

为什么是这个答案

In Graves disease, antibodies stimulate the thyroid to make too much hormone. The high free T4 suppresses TSH from the pituitary through negative feedback, so TSH is low. A high TSH with a low T4 fits primary hypothyroidism.核对依据: TSH test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026); Thyroxine (T4) Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024); Graves disease · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026)

答案

A · Low TSH with a high free T4
10.实验室检查值与电解质

答案: D · Hold the isoniazid and report the findings to the prescriber at once

为什么是这个答案

Isoniazid can cause hepatitis, which may be severe. Symptoms such as nausea, loss of appetite and dark urine with a markedly raised ALT mean the drug should be held and the prescriber informed. Patients are taught to avoid alcohol and report these symptoms early.

答案

D · Hold the isoniazid and report the findings to the prescriber at once
11.药理学

答案: D · 2 tablets

为什么是这个答案

0.25 mg ÷ 0.125 mg = 2 tablets. Doses that need more than a few tablets or unusual fractions should be double-checked.

答案

D · 2 tablets
12.药理学

答案: A · Acute pancreatitis; the drug is stopped and urgent assessment arranged

为什么是这个答案

Mild nausea is common with GLP-1 agonists, but severe persistent abdominal pain radiating to the back suggests pancreatitis. The drug is stopped and the patient needs urgent assessment, including serum lipase or amylase.

答案

A · Acute pancreatitis; the drug is stopped and urgent assessment arranged
13.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

答案: B · Rapid high doses can damage hearing

为什么是这个答案

High plasma levels of loop diuretics can cause tinnitus and hearing loss (ototoxicity), especially with fast injection, renal impairment or other ototoxic drugs such as aminoglycosides. Large IV doses are therefore given slowly.

答案

B · Rapid high doses can damage hearing
14.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

答案: D · LMWH is cleared by the kidneys and can accumulate

为什么是这个答案

Low-molecular-weight heparins are mainly renally excreted, so they accumulate in severe renal impairment and increase bleeding risk. Unfractionated heparin is cleared mainly by other routes, has a short half-life and can be monitored with aPTT and reversed with protamine.

答案

D · LMWH is cleared by the kidneys and can accumulate
15.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

答案: B · 安排紧急全血细胞计数,排查粒细胞缺乏症

为什么是这个答案

硫脲类药物(卡比马唑、甲巯咪唑、丙硫氧嘧啶)可引起粒细胞缺乏症,这是一种罕见但危及生命的中性粒细胞下降。应教导患者立即报告咽痛、发热或口腔溃疡,并紧急检查血常规;如果中性粒细胞偏低则停药。

答案

B · 安排紧急全血细胞计数,排查粒细胞缺乏症
16.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

答案: C · Hypoactive delirium

为什么是这个答案

Hypoactive delirium presents with drowsiness, withdrawal and slowness rather than agitation, so it is often missed. It has a worse prognosis than the hyperactive form. A family report of a sudden change is important, and a screening tool such as the 4AT or the CAM (Confusion Assessment Method) can be used.

答案

C · Hypoactive delirium
17.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

答案: C · Check the feet every day and never walk barefoot

为什么是这个答案

Peripheral neuropathy and poor circulation mean injuries can go unnoticed. Daily inspection, well-fitting footwear, checking water temperature and regular podiatry help prevent ulcers.

答案

C · Check the feet every day and never walk barefoot
18.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

答案: A · Shallow breathing can lead to atelectasis and pneumonia

为什么是这个答案

Uncontrolled chest wall pain prevents deep breaths and coughing, leading to atelectasis, sputum retention and pneumonia, particularly in older adults. Multimodal analgesia, sometimes with regional blocks, and physiotherapy are used.

答案

A · Shallow breathing can lead to atelectasis and pneumonia
19.产科护理

答案: A · Labetalol

为什么是这个答案

Labetalol is a beta and alpha blocker and can cause bronchospasm, so it is avoided in asthma. Nifedipine, a calcium channel blocker, is often used instead.

答案

A · Labetalol
20.产科护理

答案: B · Subgaleal haemorrhage

为什么是这个答案

A subgaleal haemorrhage is bleeding under the scalp aponeurosis. It crosses suture lines, can grow rapidly and can cause hypovolaemic shock. It is an emergency, unlike caput or cephalhaematoma.

答案

B · Subgaleal haemorrhage
21.儿科护理

答案: B · Keep it on as instructed, do not adjust the straps and check the skin daily

为什么是这个答案

The Pavlik harness holds the hips flexed and abducted so the joint can develop normally. It is usually worn full-time as directed; only the clinic adjusts the straps. Skin is checked daily, and lotions and powders are avoided.

答案

B · Keep it on as instructed, do not adjust the straps and check the skin daily
22.儿科护理

答案: A · 及时报告发热或感染征象

为什么是这个答案

使用类固醇的肾病综合征患儿易发生腹膜炎和蜂窝织炎等严重感染。类固醇必须逐渐减量,不能突然停用,大剂量治疗期间应推迟接种活疫苗。

答案

A · 及时报告发热或感染征象
23.精神科护理

答案: A · Start the missing patient procedure at once, informing the team and, if required, the police

为什么是这个答案

A detained patient who is absent without leave may be a risk to themselves or others. Missing patient procedures are started immediately, including a risk assessment and informing the responsible clinician and relevant authorities.

答案

A · Start the missing patient procedure at once, informing the team and, if required, the police
24.精神科护理

答案: C · Hold the serotonergic medicines and inform the prescriber urgently

为什么是这个答案

These signs suggest serotonin syndrome. The first steps are to stop the serotonergic drugs and get urgent medical review; supportive care and monitoring follow, and severe cases need intensive care.

答案

C · Hold the serotonergic medicines and inform the prescriber urgently
25.护理数学与单位换算

答案: h = 60.2 in

家用计量和体重:护理考试使用取整的等量关系:1 茶匙(tsp)= 5 mL,1 汤匙(tbsp)= 15 mL = 3 tsp,1 液量盎司(fl oz)= 30 mL = 2 tbsp,1 杯 = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重方面,1 kg = 2.2 lb,1 lb = 16 oz;长度方面,1 英寸 = 2.54 cm。设置换算时,要让你不需要的单位相互约去。

厘米换算为英寸

h = 153/2.54 = 60.24 ≈ 60.2 in

答案

h = 60.2 in
26.护理数学与单位换算

答案: V = 845 mL

家用计量和体重:护理考试使用取整的等量关系:1 茶匙(tsp)= 5 mL,1 汤匙(tbsp)= 15 mL = 3 tsp,1 液量盎司(fl oz)= 30 mL = 2 tbsp,1 杯 = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重方面,1 kg = 2.2 lb,1 lb = 16 oz;长度方面,1 英寸 = 2.54 cm。设置换算时,要让你不需要的单位相互约去。

每一项的 mL 数

1 tsp = 1·5 = 5 mL
3 fl oz = 3·30 = 90 mL
2 tbsp = 2·15 = 30 mL
3 杯 = 3·240 = 720 mL

相加

V = 5 + 90 + 30 + 720 = 845 mL

答案

V = 845 mL
27.剂量计算

答案: V = 10 mL

Solution strengths: a percentage strength is grams per 100 mL, so 1% = 1 g/100 mL = 10 mg/mL. A ratio strength 1:1000 means 1 g in 1000 mL = 1 mg/mL; 1:10 000 is 0.1 mg/mL. For a dilution the amount of drug stays the same: C₁·V₁ = C₂·V₂.

浓度

1:10 000 = 1 g/10000 mL = 0.1 mg/mL

体积

V = 1/0.1 = 10 mL

答案

V = 10 mL

美国的标签现在标示 mg/mL(1 mg/mL = 1:1000;0.1 mg/mL = 1:10 000)。切勿静脉推注 1 mg/mL 的肾上腺素。

28.剂量计算

答案: V = 7.5 mL

剂量计算:给药量等于医嘱剂量除以现有药物的规格,再乘以该规格对应的量:给药量 = (医嘱剂量/储备规格) × 储备体积。始终统一单位(先把 g 换成 mg,mg 换成 mcg),并检查答案是否合理。

按体重计算剂量

12.5·12 = 150 mg

体积

V = (150/100)·5 = 7.5 mL

答案

V = 7.5 mL
29.静脉输液速度

答案: R = 90 mL/h

Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.

原速率

500/6 = 83.33 mL/h

新速率

R = 360/4 = 90 mL/h

答案

R = 90 mL/h

许多医院允许在不重开医嘱的情况下进行不超过 25% 的此类调整;请查阅本院规定。

30.静脉输液速度

答案: D = 32 mg/h

输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。

浓度

400/100 = 4 mg/mL

给药速率

D = 4·8 = 32 mg/h

答案

D = 32 mg/h
31.儿科与重症剂量计算

答案: R = 5.7 mL/h

肝素和胰岛素输注:浓度 = 袋中单位数/袋容量 (units/mL)。泵速 (mL/h) = 每小时单位数/浓度,每小时单位数 = mL/h × 浓度。按体重给药时,先求 units/h = units/kg/h × 体重。推注体积 = 所需单位数/药瓶规格。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。

每小时单位数

0.1·57 = 5.7 件/h

浓度

100/100 = 1 件/mL

泵速

R = 5.7/1 = 5.7 mL/h

答案

R = 5.7 mL/h
32.儿科与重症剂量计算

答案: D = 5.4 mcg/kg/min

滴定输注:先求以 mcg/mL 计的浓度(mg × 1000/mL)。按体重给药时,mcg/min = mcg/kg/min × 体重。然后 mL/h = mcg/min × 60/浓度。反推时,mcg/kg/min = mL/h × 浓度/(60 × 体重)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。

浓度

250 000/250 = 1000 mcg/mL

每分钟微克数

35·1000 = 35000 mcg/h
35000/60 = 583.3 mcg/min

每千克

D = 583.3/109 = 5.352 ≈ 5.4 mcg/kg/min

答案

D = 5.4 mcg/kg/min
33.静脉输液与液体平衡

答案: I = 1700 mL

出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。

计算入量

口服: 150 + 150 = 300 mL
静脉输液: 100·12 = 1200 mL
静脉抗生素: 2·100 = 200 mL
I = 1700 mL

答案

I = 1700 mL
34.静脉输液与液体平衡

答案: t = 2 h

输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。

剩余体积

500 − 300 = 200 mL

时间

t = 200/100 = 2 h

答案

t = 2 h

约为 2 h 00 min,所以袋子大约在 17:00 输完。

35.临床评估评分

答案: B = 13

Braden 量表:评估压力性损伤风险的六个分项。感觉知觉、潮湿程度、活动、活动能力和营养各评 1 至 4 分,从最差水平(1)到无问题(4);摩擦力和剪切力评 1 至 3 分。总分为 6 至 23,总分越低风险越高。常用分级:19–23 无风险,15–18 轻度风险,13–14 中度风险,10–12 高风险,9 分及以下为极高风险。

为每个分项评分

感觉知觉: 轻度受限 → 3
潮湿程度: 非常潮湿 → 2
活动: 经常步行 → 4
活动能力: 完全不能活动 → 1
营养: 非常差 → 1
摩擦力和剪切力: 潜在问题 → 2

相加

Braden 总分 = 3 + 2 + 4 + 1 + 1 + 2 = 13

答案

B = 13
36.临床评估评分

答案: 低风险

Morse 跌倒评分:六个条目。跌倒史:否 0 分,是 25 分。次要诊断:否 0 分,是 15 分。行走辅助:无、卧床休息或护士协助 0 分;拐杖、手杖或助行器 15 分;扶着家具 30 分。静脉输液或封管:否 0 分,是 20 分。步态:正常、卧床休息或轮椅 0 分;虚弱 10 分;受损 20 分。精神状态:了解自身局限 0 分;高估或忘记自身局限 15 分。总分为 0 至 125。各医院的风险分界值不同;常用的一套是 0–24 低风险,25–44 中度风险,45 及以上为高风险。

为每个条目评分

过去 3 个月内的跌倒史: 否 → 0
次要诊断: 否 → 0
行走辅助: 无、卧床休息或由护士协助 → 0
静脉输液或封管: 是 → 20
步态: 正常、卧床休息或轮椅 → 0
精神状态: 了解自身局限 → 0

相加

Morse 总分 = 0 + 0 + 0 + 20 + 0 + 0 = 20

风险等级

20 → 低风险

答案

低风险
37.动脉血气分析解读

答案: PaCO₂ = 17 mmHg

预期代偿:代谢性酸中毒时,温特公式预测 PaCO₂ = 1.5·HCO₃⁻ + 8 ± 2 mmHg;实测值高于该范围提示合并呼吸性酸中毒,低于该范围提示合并呼吸性碱中毒。阴离子间隙 AG = Na⁺ − (Cl⁻ + HCO₃⁻),正常约为 8–12 mmol/L,用于区分高阴离子间隙与正常阴离子间隙代谢性酸中毒;低白蛋白会掩盖升高的间隙(白蛋白低于 4.0 的部分,每 g/dL 加 2.5)。Δ 比值 (AG − 12)/(24 − HCO₃⁻) 约在 0.8 到 2 之间符合单纯高间隙酸中毒(有些教材用 1 代替 0.8),低于此范围提示合并正常间隙酸中毒,高于 2 提示合并代谢性碱中毒。

温特公式

PaCO₂ = 1.5·6 + 8 = 17 mmHg
射程: 15–19 mmHg

答案

PaCO₂ = 17 mmHg
38.动脉血气分析解读

答案: A–a 梯度 = 85.14 mmHg

衍生数值:计算所得的血清渗透压为 2·Na⁺ + 葡萄糖 + 尿素,各值均以 mmol/L 计(葡萄糖和 BUN 以 mg/dL 计时为 2·Na⁺ + 葡萄糖/18 + BUN/2.8);正常约为 275–295 mOsm/kg。P/F 比值是 PaO₂ 除以以小数表示的 FiO₂。海平面的肺泡氧分压为 PAO₂ = FiO₂·(760 − 47) − PaCO₂/0.8 mmHg,A–a 梯度为 PAO₂ − PaO₂。

肺泡氧

PAO₂ = 0.28·713 − 38/0.8 = 199.6 − 47.5 = 152.1 mmHg

梯度

A–a = 152.1 − 67 = 85.14 mmHg

答案

A–a 梯度 = 85.14 mmHg
39.心电图节律条带解读

答案: 窦性心律伴窦性停搏

节律标准(II 导联):窦性心律每个 QRS 之前都有直立的 P 波,PR 恒定为 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 狭窄:60–100 次/分为正常窦性心律,低于 60 为窦性心动过缓,高于 100 为窦性心动过速。心房颤动:无 P 波,基线呈颤动,R–R 绝对不规则。心房扑动:约 250–350 次/分的锯齿状扑动波,伴固定的传导比例,如 2:1 或 4:1。一度房室传导阻滞:窦性心律,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。交界性心律:窄 QRS,40–60 次/分,P 波缺失或倒置(PR 低于 0.12 s,或 P 波在 QRS 之后)。室性早搏(PVC)是提前出现的宽大(0.12 s 或以上)、形态怪异的 QRS,没有 P 波,T 波方向相反,通常有完全性代偿间歇;二联律是指每隔一个搏动就有一个室性早搏。 窄 QRS 心动过速与停顿:室上性心动过速(SVT)是规则的心动过速,约 150–250 次/分钟,QRS 波群较窄;P 波通常看不到,因为它们隐藏在 QRS 波群或 T 波中。成人静息时的窦性心动过速通常低于约 150 次/分钟,且每个 QRS 前都有可见的 P 波;伴 2:1 传导的心房扑动常在约 150 次/分钟,并显示锯齿波。窦性停搏是指窦房结暂时停止发放冲动:出现既无 P 波也无 QRS 的停顿,其长度不是 P–P 周期的整数倍(恰好两个或三个周期的停顿则提示窦房传导阻滞)。

五个步骤

1. 心率:6 秒内有 6 个 QRS 波群,× 10 = 60 次/分。
2. 节律:规则(R–R 0.88 s),只有一次 1.44 s 的停顿,它不是 P–P 周期的整数倍。
3. P 波:直立,每个 QRS 前都有一个;停顿期间完全没有 P 波。
4. PR 间期:0.18 s,恒定,在 0.12–0.20 s 范围内。
5. QRS:0.08 s,狭窄(低于 0.12 s)。

解读

窦性心律伴窦性停搏

答案

窦性心律伴窦性停搏
40.心电图节律条带解读

答案: P 波

每条心电图的五个步骤:1. 心率(300 法或 1500 法;若不规则则用 6 秒法);2. 节律:R–R 间期是否相等;3. P 波:是否存在、在 II 导联直立、每个 QRS 之前各有一个且形态一致;4. PR 间期:0.12–0.20 s 且恒定;5. QRS 时限:低于 0.12 s。五个步骤做完之后才命名节律。正常窦性心律五项全部符合:60–100 次/分,规则,每个 QRS 之前有直立 P 波,PR 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 低于 0.12 s。

五个步骤

1. 心率:R–R = 22 个小格,1500 ÷ 22 ≈ 68 次/分。
2. 节律:规则,每个 R–R 均为 0.88 s。
3. P 波:倒置,紧邻每个 QRS 之后。
4. PR 间期:无法测量。
5. QRS:0.08 s,狭窄(低于 0.12 s)。

第一个异常的步骤

P 波 → 加速性交界性心律

答案

P 波

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