优先排序与委派
方法
- 问自己:如果什么都不做,什么会最快伤害患者。
- 应用 ABC(心脏骤停时为 C-A-B),然后是 Maslow 需求层次:生理需要先于安全,安全先于心理需要。
- 比较各选项:急性先于慢性,不稳定先于稳定,意外先于预期,全身性先于局部,并将每项发现与患者的基线对照。
- 除非是紧急情况,否则先评估再行动;然后选择其他步骤所依赖的那一步。
- 委派时核对五项正确:任务、情境、人员、指示和监督。评估、宣教和评价仍由注册护士负责。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 14 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
A patient coughs hard after abdominal surgery, and loops of bowel appear through the opened wound. What does the nurse do first?
A dehydrated child is to receive IV fluids with added potassium. Which finding should the nurse confirm first?
Which instruction about using a standard walker is correct?
Why can a patient with severe neutropenia have a serious infection but little redness, swelling or pus?
一名患者的血红蛋白为 7.8 g/dL(78 g/L)。护士预期会有哪些发现?
一名长期肺部疾病的患者血清碳酸氢盐 32 mEq/L,动脉血 PaCO₂ 一直偏高,pH 7.36。哪种情况最符合?
A patient receives IV furosemide for fluid overload. Which findings show the treatment is working?
A patient with known prostate cancer reports new back pain, leg weakness and difficulty passing urine. What should be suspected?
为什么右心室梗死时使用硝酸酯类要格外谨慎?
Seconds after an intramuscular injection, a patient becomes pale, sweaty and faint, with a heart rate of 48/min. There is no rash, wheeze or swelling, and they recover quickly when laid flat. What is the most likely cause?
卒中静脉溶栓后的最初 24 小时内,哪些观察最重要?
在这些急性缺血性卒中患者中,哪一位最不可能适合静脉溶栓?
A patient on enteral feeding develops diarrhoea. What should the nurse review first?
通过外周套管针静脉输注长春新碱时,患者报告灼痛,输注部位肿胀。护士首先应做什么?
答案: A · Cover the wound with sterile dressings moistened with saline
Evisceration is a surgical emergency. The nurse covers the organs with sterile saline-moistened dressings, stays with the patient, positions them to reduce strain and calls the surgeon at once.
答案: D · That the child is passing urine
Potassium is not added to IV fluids until the child is passing urine, because poor kidney function can let potassium build up to dangerous levels.
答案: C · Move the walker forward, then step into it
The patient moves the walker forward, sets it down with all legs on the floor and then steps into it. To stand, they push up from the chair arms, because a walker can tip if used to pull up.
答案: B · There are too few neutrophils to produce the usual inflammatory signs
Classic signs of infection come from the inflammatory response, which depends on white blood cells. With very few neutrophils, fever may be the only early sign, so it must be taken seriously.
答案: A · 疲劳、苍白、心率快和活动时呼吸急促
贫血减少氧输送。心脏加快跳动以代偿,患者感到疲倦,活动时呼吸急促,面色苍白。严重贫血可使有心脏病的人出现胸痛。核对依据: Anemia · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026)
答案: D · COPD 伴慢性 CO₂ 潴留和代谢性代偿
在慢性 CO₂ 潴留(如重度 COPD)中,肾脏在数日内保留碳酸氢盐,使 pH 回到接近正常,往往位于范围的低端。DKA 和腹泻使碳酸氢盐降低,阿司匹林过量引起呼吸急促,使 PaCO₂ 降低。核对依据: Respiratory Acidosis · StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf)
答案: D · Increased urine output, less breathlessness and a falling weight
Effective diuresis increases urine output and reduces congestion, so breathing improves and weight falls. Electrolytes, renal function and blood pressure are also monitored.
答案: C · Metastatic spinal cord compression
Back pain with neurological symptoms in a patient with cancer suggests metastatic spinal cord compression. It is an oncological emergency needing urgent MRI and treatment to preserve function.
答案: C · 右心室依赖前负荷,血压可能急剧下降
右心室梗死时,心输出量在很大程度上依赖静脉充盈。硝酸酯类等静脉扩张药(以及利尿剂或阿片类药物)可导致血压急剧下降。这类患者通常需要谨慎补液。
答案: B · A vasovagal reaction
Vasovagal reactions cause bradycardia, pallor, sweating and fainting, and resolve quickly when lying flat. Anaphylaxis usually causes tachycardia, airway or breathing problems and often skin changes, and does not settle on its own. If in doubt, treat as anaphylaxis.
答案: C · 频繁的神经系统检查和血压
溶栓后应频繁进行神经系统观察、血压测量和出血检查。新出现的头痛、呕吐、GCS 下降或血压升高可能提示出血。通常 24 小时内避免使用抗血小板药和抗凝药。
答案: B · 五天前做过腹部大手术的患者
近期大手术(许多指南中为约 14 天内)会大大增加出血风险,是溶栓的禁忌证。发病在 4.5 小时内、血压低于 185/110 mmHg 和 CT 无出血,都是允许溶栓的条件。
答案: C · The medicine chart, including laxatives and antibiotics
Diarrhoea on enteral feeds is often caused by drugs such as antibiotics, laxatives and liquid medicines containing sorbitol, or by infection such as C. difficile. The feed is not stopped automatically; the cause is investigated.
答案: B · 停止输注,保留套管针以回抽,并遵循规程
发疱剂外渗可造成严重的组织损伤。应立即停止输注,尝试通过套管针回抽药物,然后遵循具体规程(长春碱类如长春新碱通常采用热敷,可能使用透明质酸酶,而蒽环类药物通常采用冷敷),抬高肢体,记录并通知团队。
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