优先排序与委派
方法
- 问自己:如果什么都不做,什么会最快伤害患者。
- 应用 ABC(心脏骤停时为 C-A-B),然后是 Maslow 需求层次:生理需要先于安全,安全先于心理需要。
- 比较各选项:急性先于慢性,不稳定先于稳定,意外先于预期,全身性先于局部,并将每项发现与患者的基线对照。
- 除非是紧急情况,否则先评估再行动;然后选择其他步骤所依赖的那一步。
- 委派时核对五项正确:任务、情境、人员、指示和监督。评估、宣教和评价仍由注册护士负责。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 14 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
一名通常在产科工作的护士被调派到成人内科病房。最适合分配给这名护士的患者是哪一位?
一名大手术后的患者连续两小时尿量为 15 mL/h,心率 115 次/分,双手发凉。护士应首先做什么?
Sputum specimens are ordered to look for acid-fast bacilli (TB). How are they usually collected?
A patient receiving chemotherapy has an absolute neutrophil count of 400/mm3 (0.4 × 109/L) and a new temperature of 38.3 °C (100.9 °F). What should the nurse do?
A patient takes valproate (valproic acid) for epilepsy. Which tests are monitored regularly?
At the start of a shift, the nurse reviews four new results. Which patient needs attention first?
Which is a major risk factor for Clostridioides difficile infection?
一名静脉滴注万古霉素的患者在快速输注时出现面部和颈部潮红及瘙痒性红疹。最可能的原因和处理是什么?
一名室上性心动过速患者将接受静脉腺苷。护士应提醒患者注意什么?
一名心肌梗死恢复中的患者对恢复正常生活感到焦虑。哪项干预最能支持其康复?
A patient is due a rapid-acting insulin dose before lunch, but the meal trays are delayed. What should the nurse do?
A patient on insulin has worsening chronic kidney disease and is having more hypos. What is the best explanation?
哪种电解质模式是肿瘤溶解综合征的典型表现?
A 76-year-old with a past peptic ulcer needs long-term anti-inflammatory treatment for arthritis. Which plan best reduces GI bleeding risk?
答案: A · 口服抗生素治疗稳定的肺炎患者
被调派的护士应分配到病情稳定、护理使用一般技能的患者。新做气管切开、活动性出血以及因 DKA 使用胰岛素输注,需要本病房专门的经验和密切监测。
答案: B · 评估休克的征象,如出血,并上报
这些征象合起来提示低血容量或休克。护士应评估整个患者,寻找出血并上报。应排除导尿管问题,但不应延误对休克的识别。
答案: A · Three deep-cough specimens collected 8 to 24 hours apart, at least one early in the morning
Several deep-cough sputum samples improve the chance of finding acid-fast bacilli, and early-morning samples contain the most secretions. Saliva is not sputum, and antiseptic mouthwash can affect the result.
答案: C · Report it at once, because fever with severe neutropenia is an emergency
Febrile neutropenia can progress to sepsis quickly. The nurse reports it immediately so cultures can be taken and antibiotics started without delay.
答案: A · Liver function tests and platelet count
Valproate can cause liver toxicity and thrombocytopenia, so liver tests and the platelet count are monitored. It can also raise ammonia; confusion or vomiting should prompt an ammonia level.核对依据: Valproic Acid · StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf) (2024)
答案: B · Sodium 119 mEq/L in a patient with new confusion and vomiting
Severe hyponatremia with confusion and vomiting suggests cerebral edema and can progress to seizures and coma. The other results are mildly abnormal and expected for those conditions, so they are less urgent.核对依据: Low blood sodium - Medical Encyclopedia · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025); Sodium Blood Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)
答案: A · Recent broad-spectrum antibiotic use
Broad-spectrum antibiotics disrupt normal gut flora, letting C. difficile overgrow. Older age, hospital stay and proton pump inhibitors also increase the risk.
答案: A · 输注相关反应;停止或减慢输注,并通知开药者
快速输注万古霉素可释放组胺,引起潮红和皮疹("万古霉素输注反应")。减慢速度通常可以预防,但必须排除过敏性休克。
答案: D · 短暂的面部潮红或胸闷,以及几秒钟的停顿感
腺苷以快速静脉推注给药,随后用生理盐水冲管,并持续心电监护。它短暂阻断房室结传导,常引起几秒钟的心搏停止、面部潮红、胸部不适、呼吸困难或濒死感。这些作用只持续几秒。
答案: B · 转介心脏康复
心脏康复结合了监督下的运动、危险因素教育、用药指导和心理支持。它可改善生活质量,降低心血管死亡率和再入院率。应根据建议鼓励患者逐步恢复活动,包括工作、驾驶和性生活。
答案: D · Wait to give the insulin until the meal arrives
Rapid-acting insulin begins to work within about 15 minutes, so giving it without food risks hypoglycaemia. It is given just before or with the meal. Basal insulin is not affected by meal delays.
答案: C · The kidneys clear less insulin, so it lasts longer
The kidneys clear a large share of insulin. As kidney function falls, insulin stays in the blood longer and some oral agents build up, so hypos increase. Insulin doses often need to be reduced.
答案: C · 钾、磷酸盐和尿酸升高;钙降低
肿瘤溶解释放钾、磷酸盐和核酸(使尿酸升高)。磷酸盐结合钙,使其降低。磷酸钙和尿酸结晶可损伤肾脏。
答案: B · Consider an alternative; if an NSAID is needed, add a PPI
Older age and a previous ulcer greatly increase NSAID-related bleeding. Safer options are considered first; if an NSAID is needed, the lowest effective dose for the shortest time is used with gastroprotection such as a PPI.
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