NCLEX 风格的优先排序与委派:速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 14 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。

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1公式与方法

优先排序与委派

方法

  1. 问自己:如果什么都不做,什么会最快伤害患者。
  2. 应用 ABC(心脏骤停时为 C-A-B),然后是 Maslow 需求层次:生理需要先于安全,安全先于心理需要。
  3. 比较各选项:急性先于慢性,不稳定先于稳定,意外先于预期,全身性先于局部,并将每项发现与患者的基线对照。
  4. 除非是紧急情况,否则先评估再行动;然后选择其他步骤所依赖的那一步。
  5. 委派时核对五项正确:任务、情境、人员、指示和监督。评估、宣教和评价仍由注册护士负责。

感染控制与患者安全

方法

  1. 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
  2. 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
  3. 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
  4. 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
  5. 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。

实验室检查值与电解质

方法

  1. 把数值与本实验室自己的参考范围比较,再与患者的基线和趋势比较。
  2. 检查标本:溶血、延迟,或在静脉输液附近采血都可能得出错误结果。
  3. 把数值与其典型体征以及引起它的药物和疾病联系起来。
  4. 注意相互作用:低钾或低镁会增加地高辛中毒的风险;脱水会使锂浓度升高。
  5. 对患者采取行动:评估,血药浓度不安全时暂停用药,复述危急值并通知开医嘱的医生。

内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

方法

  1. 说出问题所在:泵衰竭、动脉阻塞、节律、血栓、气道狭窄、感染或设备问题。
  2. 先检查危险征象:低氧、低血压、胸痛、新出现的意识模糊、冰冷无脉搏的肢体。
  3. 让氧疗与患者相匹配:大多数人为 94–98%,有 CO₂ 潴留风险者为 88–92%。
  4. 把每种药物与其检测和风险联系起来:华法林与 INR,肝素与 aPTT 和血小板,利尿剂与血钾。
  5. 选择安全的第一步措施,然后升级处理并重新评估。

内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

方法

  1. 对每位新出现意识模糊、乏力或癫痫发作的患者都检查血糖。
  2. 把意识水平作为脑部问题最早的警示;瞳孔变化和库欣三联征出现得较晚。
  3. 对于糖尿病急症,要区分 DKA(酮体、酸中毒)和 HHS(渗透压很高、脱水);先补液。
  4. 对于钠和水,要判断是 ADH 过多(SIADH)还是缺乏(尿崩症),并缓慢纠正慢性变化。
  5. 对于肾脏问题,把原因分为肾前性、肾性或肾后性,并监测血钾和液体。

内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

方法

  1. 想一想可能隐藏着什么:内出血、无发热的感染、SpO₂ 正常背后的通气不足。
  2. 利用术后的时间来缩小并发症的范围:出血在数小时内,胸部问题在数天内,伤口和吻合口漏出现得更晚。
  3. 对于疼痛,要评估、用多模式镇痛治疗、重新评估,并且在每次使用阿片类药物时监测镇静程度。
  4. 对于癌症患者,把低谷期的任何疾病都当作中性粒细胞减少性脓毒症处理,并了解肿瘤急症。
  5. 对于烧伤,只计算浅二度/深二度和三度的面积,从烧伤的时刻开始计算 Parkland 时间,并根据尿量调整。

2练习题

1.优先排序与委派中等

Which telephone call should a clinic nurse return first?

  1. AA parent of a 6-week-old with a temperature of 38.3 °C
  2. BAn adult who wants to move a routine blood test appointment
  3. CAn adult asking for a repeat prescription for a statin
  4. DA parent of a 5-year-old with a runny nose for two days
2.优先排序与委派困难

A patient is deteriorating quickly. The nurse has called the provider twice, but the provider has not come. What is the best action?

  1. AActivate the rapid response team
  2. BAsk the patient’s family to call the provider
  3. CWait another hour and call the provider again
  4. DDocument the concern and continue routine care
3.感染控制与患者安全中等

A person in scrubs without a hospital ID badge asks to take a newborn to the nursery. What should the nurse do?

  1. ARefuse, keep the baby with the mother and alert security
  2. BHand over the baby if the person seems confident
  3. CLet the parents decide whether to hand the baby over
  4. DAsk the person their name and then give them the baby
4.感染控制与患者安全困难

A patient is on contact precautions. Which task is appropriate for the nurse to delegate to assistive personnel?

  1. ADeciding when the precautions can be stopped
  2. BHelping the patient bathe while wearing a gown and gloves
  3. CTeaching the family how to follow the precautions
  4. DAssessing the wound for new signs of infection during the bath
5.实验室检查值与电解质中等

慢性肾脏病患者应在何时服用醋酸钙或司维拉姆等磷结合剂?

  1. A每周仅一次
  2. B随餐服用
  3. C睡前空腹服用
  4. D仅在患者感觉不适时
6.实验室检查值与电解质困难

A patient's low calcium does not improve despite several days of calcium replacement. Which other electrolyte should be checked and corrected?

  1. ASodium
  2. BBicarbonate
  3. CChloride
  4. DMagnesium
7.临床护理中等

Which is a recognised risk factor for postoperative nausea and vomiting?

  1. ABeing male
  2. BA short operation under local anaesthetic
  3. CBeing a smoker
  4. DUse of opioids after surgery
8.临床护理困难

Several hours after thyroid surgery, a patient has increasing neck swelling, stridor and difficulty breathing. What is most likely?

  1. AA thyroid storm
  2. BA haematoma compressing the airway
  3. CHypocalcaemia from parathyroid damage
  4. DNormal postoperative swelling
9.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸中等

一名患者血压为 200/125 mmHg,伴新发意识混乱和视物模糊。通常应如何降压?

  1. A用滴定的静脉药物,第一小时内降低最多约 25%
  2. B尽可能快,几分钟内降到正常值
  3. C用一种新的口服药片,一周后复查
  4. D完全不降压,因为现在大脑依赖高压
10.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸困难

Two days after a coronary stent, a patient on aspirin and ticagrelor has black, tarry stools and feels faint on standing. What should the nurse do?

  1. AGive a laxative and repeat the observations tomorrow
  2. BCheck vital signs, report urgently and anticipate a blood count
  3. CReassure the patient that iron tablets cause black stools
  4. DStop both antiplatelet drugs permanently on the nurse's own decision
11.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏中等

Why is good blood pressure control important in chronic kidney disease?

  1. AIt lowers the blood glucose
  2. BIt cures chronic kidney disease
  3. CIt raises the haemoglobin level in the blood
  4. DIt slows the decline in kidney function
12.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏困难

一名甲状腺功能减退患者已数周未服药,入院时体温过低、嗜睡,脉搏 46 次/分,血钠偏低,PaCO₂ 升高。最可能的诊断是什么?

  1. A黏液性水肿昏迷
  2. B肾上腺危象
  3. C甲状腺危象
  4. D中暑
13.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤中等

哪些体征提示严重急性胰腺炎伴组织内出血?

  1. A嘴唇、舌头和面部肿胀
  2. B指甲发黄
  3. C手掌和足底的紫色皮疹
  4. D脐周或腰部瘀斑
14.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤困难

重症急性胰腺炎第 2 天,一名患者呼吸困难,SpO₂ 88%,胸部 X 线显示双肺浸润影。最可能的并发症是什么?

  1. A急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)
  2. B急性重度哮喘发作
  3. C异物误吸
  4. D自发性张力性气胸

3溶液

1.优先排序与委派

答案: A · A parent of a 6-week-old with a temperature of 38.3 °C

为什么是这个答案

A fever in an infant under about 3 months old needs urgent assessment, because serious bacterial infection is more likely and signs can be subtle. The other calls are routine.

答案

A · A parent of a 6-week-old with a temperature of 38.3 °C
2.优先排序与委派

答案: A · Activate the rapid response team

为什么是这个答案

Nurses can call the rapid response team directly when a patient is deteriorating. The nurse also informs the charge nurse and follows the chain of command about the provider’s lack of response.

答案

A · Activate the rapid response team
3.感染控制与患者安全

答案: A · Refuse, keep the baby with the mother and alert security

为什么是这个答案

Infants are only handed to staff with proper identification, as set out in the infant security policy. Suspicious behavior is reported to security at once, and parents are taught to do the same.

答案

A · Refuse, keep the baby with the mother and alert security
4.感染控制与患者安全

答案: B · Helping the patient bathe while wearing a gown and gloves

为什么是这个答案

Assistive personnel can carry out routine care for a stable patient, using the correct PPE. Assessment, teaching and clinical judgement, such as deciding when to stop precautions, cannot be delegated to them.

答案

B · Helping the patient bathe while wearing a gown and gloves
5.实验室检查值与电解质

答案: B · 随餐服用

为什么是这个答案

磷结合剂在肠道中起作用,结合食物中的磷酸盐,因此应随餐服用。在两餐之间服用几乎没有效果。

答案

B · 随餐服用
6.实验室检查值与电解质

答案: D · Magnesium

为什么是这个答案

Low magnesium reduces parathyroid hormone secretion and the body's response to it, so hypocalcemia does not correct until magnesium is replaced. The same applies to refractory hypokalemia.核对依据: Magnesium Blood Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2023)

答案

D · Magnesium
7.临床护理

答案: D · Use of opioids after surgery

为什么是这个答案

Known risk factors include opioids, female sex, being a non-smoker, previous PONV or motion sickness and longer general anaesthetics. High-risk patients may be given preventive antiemetics.

答案

D · Use of opioids after surgery
8.临床护理

答案: B · A haematoma compressing the airway

为什么是这个答案

A rapidly expanding neck haematoma after thyroid surgery is an airway emergency. Call for urgent help; local protocols often require equipment to release the wound clips or sutures to be kept at the bedside.

答案

B · A haematoma compressing the airway
9.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

答案: A · 用滴定的静脉药物,第一小时内降低最多约 25%

为什么是这个答案

高血压急症(严重高血压伴急性器官损害)应在监护下用滴定的静脉药物治疗。降压过快可引起脑、冠状动脉或肾缺血,因此多数指南的目标是第一小时内降低不超过约 25%(主动脉夹层等某些情况目标不同)。

答案

A · 用滴定的静脉药物,第一小时内降低最多约 25%
10.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

答案: B · Check vital signs, report urgently and anticipate a blood count

为什么是这个答案

Melaena with postural dizziness suggests upper gastrointestinal bleeding, a risk with dual antiplatelet therapy. The nurse assesses for shock, informs the team urgently and expects bloods, a group and save (type and screen) and possibly endoscopy. Stopping antiplatelets after a stent risks stent thrombosis, so the decision belongs to the medical and cardiology team.

答案

B · Check vital signs, report urgently and anticipate a blood count
11.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

答案: D · It slows the decline in kidney function

为什么是这个答案

Hypertension is both a cause and a result of CKD. Controlling it, often with an ACE inhibitor or ARB when albuminuria is present, slows the loss of kidney function and reduces cardiovascular risk.

答案

D · It slows the decline in kidney function
12.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

答案: A · 黏液性水肿昏迷

为什么是这个答案

黏液性水肿昏迷表现为意识下降、体温过低、心动过缓、通气不足、低钠血症和低血糖,常由感染或漏服药物诱发。需要重症监护,静脉给予甲状腺激素,在排除肾上腺功能不全前给予类固醇覆盖,被动复温,并对镇静药格外谨慎。

答案

A · 黏液性水肿昏迷
13.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

答案: D · 脐周或腰部瘀斑

为什么是这个答案

Cullen 征(脐周瘀斑)和 Grey Turner 征(腰部瘀斑)是重症胰腺炎中腹膜后出血少见的晚期体征,提示预后不良。

答案

D · 脐周或腰部瘀斑
14.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

答案: A · 急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)

为什么是这个答案

重症胰腺炎引发全身炎症反应,可导致 ARDS、AKI 和休克。低氧血症伴双肺浸润影是典型表现。需要上报重症监护以获得呼吸支持。

答案

A · 急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)

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