优先排序与委派
方法
- 问自己:如果什么都不做,什么会最快伤害患者。
- 应用 ABC(心脏骤停时为 C-A-B),然后是 Maslow 需求层次:生理需要先于安全,安全先于心理需要。
- 比较各选项:急性先于慢性,不稳定先于稳定,意外先于预期,全身性先于局部,并将每项发现与患者的基线对照。
- 除非是紧急情况,否则先评估再行动;然后选择其他步骤所依赖的那一步。
- 委派时核对五项正确:任务、情境、人员、指示和监督。评估、宣教和评价仍由注册护士负责。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 14 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
Which telephone call should a clinic nurse return first?
A patient is deteriorating quickly. The nurse has called the provider twice, but the provider has not come. What is the best action?
A person in scrubs without a hospital ID badge asks to take a newborn to the nursery. What should the nurse do?
A patient is on contact precautions. Which task is appropriate for the nurse to delegate to assistive personnel?
慢性肾脏病患者应在何时服用醋酸钙或司维拉姆等磷结合剂?
A patient's low calcium does not improve despite several days of calcium replacement. Which other electrolyte should be checked and corrected?
Which is a recognised risk factor for postoperative nausea and vomiting?
Several hours after thyroid surgery, a patient has increasing neck swelling, stridor and difficulty breathing. What is most likely?
一名患者血压为 200/125 mmHg,伴新发意识混乱和视物模糊。通常应如何降压?
Two days after a coronary stent, a patient on aspirin and ticagrelor has black, tarry stools and feels faint on standing. What should the nurse do?
Why is good blood pressure control important in chronic kidney disease?
一名甲状腺功能减退患者已数周未服药,入院时体温过低、嗜睡,脉搏 46 次/分,血钠偏低,PaCO₂ 升高。最可能的诊断是什么?
哪些体征提示严重急性胰腺炎伴组织内出血?
重症急性胰腺炎第 2 天,一名患者呼吸困难,SpO₂ 88%,胸部 X 线显示双肺浸润影。最可能的并发症是什么?
答案: A · A parent of a 6-week-old with a temperature of 38.3 °C
A fever in an infant under about 3 months old needs urgent assessment, because serious bacterial infection is more likely and signs can be subtle. The other calls are routine.
答案: A · Activate the rapid response team
Nurses can call the rapid response team directly when a patient is deteriorating. The nurse also informs the charge nurse and follows the chain of command about the provider’s lack of response.
答案: A · Refuse, keep the baby with the mother and alert security
Infants are only handed to staff with proper identification, as set out in the infant security policy. Suspicious behavior is reported to security at once, and parents are taught to do the same.
答案: B · Helping the patient bathe while wearing a gown and gloves
Assistive personnel can carry out routine care for a stable patient, using the correct PPE. Assessment, teaching and clinical judgement, such as deciding when to stop precautions, cannot be delegated to them.
答案: B · 随餐服用
磷结合剂在肠道中起作用,结合食物中的磷酸盐,因此应随餐服用。在两餐之间服用几乎没有效果。
答案: D · Magnesium
Low magnesium reduces parathyroid hormone secretion and the body's response to it, so hypocalcemia does not correct until magnesium is replaced. The same applies to refractory hypokalemia.核对依据: Magnesium Blood Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2023)
答案: D · Use of opioids after surgery
Known risk factors include opioids, female sex, being a non-smoker, previous PONV or motion sickness and longer general anaesthetics. High-risk patients may be given preventive antiemetics.
答案: B · A haematoma compressing the airway
A rapidly expanding neck haematoma after thyroid surgery is an airway emergency. Call for urgent help; local protocols often require equipment to release the wound clips or sutures to be kept at the bedside.
答案: A · 用滴定的静脉药物,第一小时内降低最多约 25%
高血压急症(严重高血压伴急性器官损害)应在监护下用滴定的静脉药物治疗。降压过快可引起脑、冠状动脉或肾缺血,因此多数指南的目标是第一小时内降低不超过约 25%(主动脉夹层等某些情况目标不同)。
答案: B · Check vital signs, report urgently and anticipate a blood count
Melaena with postural dizziness suggests upper gastrointestinal bleeding, a risk with dual antiplatelet therapy. The nurse assesses for shock, informs the team urgently and expects bloods, a group and save (type and screen) and possibly endoscopy. Stopping antiplatelets after a stent risks stent thrombosis, so the decision belongs to the medical and cardiology team.
答案: D · It slows the decline in kidney function
Hypertension is both a cause and a result of CKD. Controlling it, often with an ACE inhibitor or ARB when albuminuria is present, slows the loss of kidney function and reduces cardiovascular risk.
答案: A · 黏液性水肿昏迷
黏液性水肿昏迷表现为意识下降、体温过低、心动过缓、通气不足、低钠血症和低血糖,常由感染或漏服药物诱发。需要重症监护,静脉给予甲状腺激素,在排除肾上腺功能不全前给予类固醇覆盖,被动复温,并对镇静药格外谨慎。
答案: D · 脐周或腰部瘀斑
Cullen 征(脐周瘀斑)和 Grey Turner 征(腰部瘀斑)是重症胰腺炎中腹膜后出血少见的晚期体征,提示预后不良。
答案: A · 急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)
重症胰腺炎引发全身炎症反应,可导致 ARDS、AKI 和休克。低氧血症伴双肺浸润影是典型表现。需要上报重症监护以获得呼吸支持。
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