NCLEX 风格的优先排序与委派:速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 14 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。

新题目返回课程

在打印窗口中选择“另存为 PDF”,即可在设备上保存一份副本。

1公式与方法

优先排序与委派

方法

  1. 问自己:如果什么都不做,什么会最快伤害患者。
  2. 应用 ABC(心脏骤停时为 C-A-B),然后是 Maslow 需求层次:生理需要先于安全,安全先于心理需要。
  3. 比较各选项:急性先于慢性,不稳定先于稳定,意外先于预期,全身性先于局部,并将每项发现与患者的基线对照。
  4. 除非是紧急情况,否则先评估再行动;然后选择其他步骤所依赖的那一步。
  5. 委派时核对五项正确:任务、情境、人员、指示和监督。评估、宣教和评价仍由注册护士负责。

感染控制与患者安全

方法

  1. 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
  2. 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
  3. 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
  4. 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
  5. 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。

实验室检查值与电解质

方法

  1. 把数值与本实验室自己的参考范围比较,再与患者的基线和趋势比较。
  2. 检查标本:溶血、延迟,或在静脉输液附近采血都可能得出错误结果。
  3. 把数值与其典型体征以及引起它的药物和疾病联系起来。
  4. 注意相互作用:低钾或低镁会增加地高辛中毒的风险;脱水会使锂浓度升高。
  5. 对患者采取行动:评估,血药浓度不安全时暂停用药,复述危急值并通知开医嘱的医生。

内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

方法

  1. 说出问题所在:泵衰竭、动脉阻塞、节律、血栓、气道狭窄、感染或设备问题。
  2. 先检查危险征象:低氧、低血压、胸痛、新出现的意识模糊、冰冷无脉搏的肢体。
  3. 让氧疗与患者相匹配:大多数人为 94–98%,有 CO₂ 潴留风险者为 88–92%。
  4. 把每种药物与其检测和风险联系起来:华法林与 INR,肝素与 aPTT 和血小板,利尿剂与血钾。
  5. 选择安全的第一步措施,然后升级处理并重新评估。

内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

方法

  1. 对每位新出现意识模糊、乏力或癫痫发作的患者都检查血糖。
  2. 把意识水平作为脑部问题最早的警示;瞳孔变化和库欣三联征出现得较晚。
  3. 对于糖尿病急症,要区分 DKA(酮体、酸中毒)和 HHS(渗透压很高、脱水);先补液。
  4. 对于钠和水,要判断是 ADH 过多(SIADH)还是缺乏(尿崩症),并缓慢纠正慢性变化。
  5. 对于肾脏问题,把原因分为肾前性、肾性或肾后性,并监测血钾和液体。

内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

方法

  1. 想一想可能隐藏着什么:内出血、无发热的感染、SpO₂ 正常背后的通气不足。
  2. 利用术后的时间来缩小并发症的范围:出血在数小时内,胸部问题在数天内,伤口和吻合口漏出现得更晚。
  3. 对于疼痛,要评估、用多模式镇痛治疗、重新评估,并且在每次使用阿片类药物时监测镇静程度。
  4. 对于癌症患者,把低谷期的任何疾病都当作中性粒细胞减少性脓毒症处理,并了解肿瘤急症。
  5. 对于烧伤,只计算浅二度/深二度和三度的面积,从烧伤的时刻开始计算 Parkland 时间,并根据尿量调整。

2练习题

1.优先排序与委派中等

使用急诊严重程度指数,哪位患者被评为最高紧急程度?

  1. A胸痛但生命体征正常的患者
  2. B可能有踝部骨折的患者
  3. C无反应、喘息样不规则呼吸的患者
  4. D咽痛三天、生命体征正常的患者
2.优先排序与委派困难

A patient at 32 weeks of pregnancy feels dizzy and faint while lying flat on her back. What should the nurse do first?

  1. ASit her upright with her head between her knees
  2. BTurn her onto her left side
  3. CGive her a sugary drink and keep her flat
  4. DRaise her legs while she stays on her back
3.感染控制与患者安全中等

Which measure is part of the bundle for inserting a central venous catheter to prevent bloodstream infection?

  1. AChoosing the femoral vein as the first site in adults
  2. BGiving antibiotics to every patient before insertion
  3. CChlorhexidine-alcohol skin antisepsis and maximal sterile barrier precautions
  4. DRoutine replacement of the catheter on a fixed schedule, such as every three days
4.感染控制与患者安全困难

A patient’s white cell differential shows a raised eosinophil count. Which cause is most consistent with this finding?

  1. AA viral infection such as a cold
  2. BBone marrow suppression from chemotherapy
  3. CAn allergic reaction or a parasitic infection
  4. DAn acute bacterial infection
5.实验室检查值与电解质中等

A patient had a right mastectomy with removal of axillary lymph nodes. Where is the best place to draw blood?

  1. AThe left arm
  2. BThe right hand
  3. CThe right arm
  4. DEither arm equally
6.实验室检查值与电解质困难

A patient with acute kidney injury after severe dehydration has a rising creatinine. Which urine findings support a prerenal cause rather than acute tubular necrosis (ATN)?

  1. AHigh urine sodium and dilute urine with muddy brown granular casts
  2. BRed cell casts with heavy protein loss in the urine
  3. CWhite cell casts with positive nitrites on the dipstick
  4. DLow urine sodium and concentrated urine with a high specific gravity
7.临床护理中等

即将开始输血。最重要的安全核查是什么?

  1. A用微波炉加热所有血液
  2. B在床旁确认患者身份并与血液成分核对一致
  3. C核对患者的饮食偏好
  4. D只核对患者体重
8.临床护理困难

一名全髋关节置换术后的患者突然出现剧烈髋部疼痛,下肢缩短并发生旋转。最可能的并发症是什么?

  1. A尿潴留
  2. B小腿深静脉血栓形成
  3. C假体脱位
  4. D伤口感染
9.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸中等

A patient takes both digoxin and furosemide. Why does the nurse watch the potassium level closely?

  1. APotassium has no link with either medicine
  2. BLow potassium increases the risk of digoxin toxicity
  3. CLow potassium makes digoxin stop working completely
  4. DHigh potassium is the main effect of furosemide
10.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸困难

A patient had 40 minutes of chest pain at rest. The ECG shows ST depression without ST elevation, and the troponin is rising. What is the diagnosis?

  1. AAcute pericarditis
  2. BStable angina
  3. CST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI)
  4. DNon-ST-elevation myocardial infarction
11.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏中等

一名高血压难以控制、血钾持续偏低的患者,未使用利尿剂。应考虑哪种疾病?

  1. A中枢性尿崩症
  2. B原发性甲状腺功能减退
  3. C原发性醛固酮增多症(Conn 综合征)
  4. D原发性肾上腺皮质功能减退(Addison 病)
12.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏困难

一名血液透析患者问为什么透析间期要限制液体。哪项解释是正确的?

  1. A限制液体主要是为了缩短在机器上的时间
  2. B喝水会使透析从血液中清除过多的钾
  3. C过多的液体积聚,使血压升高,并在透析时引起呼吸困难和痉挛
  4. D额外的液体会削弱内瘘壁,使其更容易破裂
13.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤中等

Which advice helps prevent dumping syndrome after gastrectomy?

  1. ASmall, frequent meals low in simple sugars, with fluids between meals
  2. BSit upright and walk briskly straight after every meal
  3. CA high-sugar diet with fruit juice to keep energy levels up
  4. DThree large meals a day with plenty of sweet drinks with each meal
14.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤困难

A patient with a permanent pacemaker is booked for surgery using monopolar diathermy. Why must the team know?

  1. ADiathermy can interfere with the pacemaker's function
  2. BThe patient cannot have any anaesthetic at all
  3. CThe pacemaker will always be removed during surgery
  4. DPacemakers stop all bleeding during surgery

3溶液

1.优先排序与委派

答案: C · 无反应、喘息样不规则呼吸的患者

为什么是这个答案

无反应且有濒死呼吸的患者需要立即的气道和呼吸支持,这是 ESI 1 级。生命体征正常的胸痛属于高危(2 级),其他则是较低级别。

答案

C · 无反应、喘息样不规则呼吸的患者
2.优先排序与委派

答案: B · Turn her onto her left side

为什么是这个答案

Lying on the back lets the uterus compress the inferior vena cava, reducing blood return to the heart. Turning to the left side relieves the pressure and restores the blood pressure.

答案

B · Turn her onto her left side
3.感染控制与患者安全

答案: C · Chlorhexidine-alcohol skin antisepsis and maximal sterile barrier precautions

为什么是这个答案

The insertion bundle includes hand hygiene, chlorhexidine-alcohol skin prep, maximal barrier precautions (cap, mask, sterile gown, sterile gloves and a full body drape) and avoiding the femoral site in adults. Routine replacement and routine antibiotics are not recommended.

答案

C · Chlorhexidine-alcohol skin antisepsis and maximal sterile barrier precautions
4.感染控制与患者安全

答案: C · An allergic reaction or a parasitic infection

为什么是这个答案

Eosinophils rise in allergic conditions such as asthma and drug reactions and in parasitic infections. Acute bacterial infection mainly raises neutrophils, and viral infection often raises lymphocytes.

答案

C · An allergic reaction or a parasitic infection
5.实验室检查值与电解质

答案: A · The left arm

为什么是这个答案

After axillary node removal, venipuncture and blood pressure readings are usually avoided on that side to reduce the risk of lymphedema and infection. The opposite arm is used whenever possible, according to policy.

答案

A · The left arm
6.实验室检查值与电解质

答案: D · Low urine sodium and concentrated urine with a high specific gravity

为什么是这个答案

In prerenal AKI the tubules are intact, so they keep sodium and water, giving a low urine sodium and concentrated urine. In ATN the damaged tubules cannot do this, so urine sodium is high, the urine is dilute and muddy brown casts appear.核对依据: Urine specific gravity test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)

答案

D · Low urine sodium and concentrated urine with a high specific gravity
7.临床护理

答案: B · 在床旁确认患者身份并与血液成分核对一致

为什么是这个答案

在床旁将患者腕带上的身份信息与配血标签和医嘱进行核对。开始输血前测量基线生命体征。

答案

B · 在床旁确认患者身份并与血液成分核对一致
8.临床护理

答案: C · 假体脱位

为什么是这个答案

关节置换术后髋关节脱位会引起突发疼痛、下肢缩短和旋转。需要紧急评估和复位;应教会患者活动注意事项。

答案

C · 假体脱位
9.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

答案: B · Low potassium increases the risk of digoxin toxicity

为什么是这个答案

Digoxin binds to the Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase pump at the site potassium normally uses. When potassium is low, more digoxin binds, so toxicity and arrhythmias become more likely. Loop diuretics commonly cause hypokalaemia, so the combination needs monitoring.

答案

B · Low potassium increases the risk of digoxin toxicity
10.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

答案: D · Non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction

为什么是这个答案

An NSTEMI is an acute coronary syndrome with myocardial necrosis (rising troponin) but no persistent ST elevation; ST depression or T wave inversion may be seen. It is treated with antiplatelets, anticoagulation and angiography based on risk, rather than emergency reperfusion.

答案

D · Non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction
11.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

答案: C · 原发性醛固酮增多症(Conn 综合征)

为什么是这个答案

醛固酮过多导致钠水潴留(高血压)和钾丢失(低钾血症)。原发性醛固酮增多症是高血压常见的继发原因,通过醛固酮/肾素比值筛查。Addison 病的表现则相反。

答案

C · 原发性醛固酮增多症(Conn 综合征)
12.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

答案: C · 过多的液体积聚,使血压升高,并在透析时引起呼吸困难和痉挛

为什么是这个答案

残余尿量很少的患者在两次透析之间会积聚液体。体重增加过多会引起高血压、肺水肿和心脏负担,透析时快速清除大量液体则引起低血压和痉挛。限制液体和盐(盐会引起口渴)可使增重保持在可控范围内。

答案

C · 过多的液体积聚,使血压升高,并在透析时引起呼吸困难和痉挛
13.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

答案: A · Small, frequent meals low in simple sugars, with fluids between meals

为什么是这个答案

Small meals, fewer simple sugars, more protein and fibre, and taking fluids between rather than with meals slow emptying and reduce fluid shifts. Lying down briefly after meals can also help.

答案

A · Small, frequent meals low in simple sugars, with fluids between meals
14.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

答案: A · Diathermy can interfere with the pacemaker's function

为什么是这个答案

Electrical interference from monopolar diathermy can inhibit or reprogram pacemakers and defibrillators. The team plans ahead, for example using bipolar diathermy, placing the plate carefully or having the device checked.

答案

A · Diathermy can interfere with the pacemaker's function

本内容为独立练习材料。ExamProblems 与该考试的主办机构没有隶属关系,也未获其认可,考试名称仅用于描述内容。 NCLEX®, NCLEX-RN® and NCLEX-PN® 是 the National Council of State Boards of Nursing, Inc. (NCSBN) 的商标,该机构与 ExamProblems 无关,不为其背书,也不保证其准确性。

ExamProblems · examproblems.com/courses/nclex-style-prioritization-and-delegation