优先排序与委派
方法
- 问自己:如果什么都不做,什么会最快伤害患者。
- 应用 ABC(心脏骤停时为 C-A-B),然后是 Maslow 需求层次:生理需要先于安全,安全先于心理需要。
- 比较各选项:急性先于慢性,不稳定先于稳定,意外先于预期,全身性先于局部,并将每项发现与患者的基线对照。
- 除非是紧急情况,否则先评估再行动;然后选择其他步骤所依赖的那一步。
- 委派时核对五项正确:任务、情境、人员、指示和监督。评估、宣教和评价仍由注册护士负责。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 14 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
使用急诊严重程度指数,哪位患者被评为最高紧急程度?
A patient at 32 weeks of pregnancy feels dizzy and faint while lying flat on her back. What should the nurse do first?
Which measure is part of the bundle for inserting a central venous catheter to prevent bloodstream infection?
A patient’s white cell differential shows a raised eosinophil count. Which cause is most consistent with this finding?
A patient had a right mastectomy with removal of axillary lymph nodes. Where is the best place to draw blood?
A patient with acute kidney injury after severe dehydration has a rising creatinine. Which urine findings support a prerenal cause rather than acute tubular necrosis (ATN)?
即将开始输血。最重要的安全核查是什么?
一名全髋关节置换术后的患者突然出现剧烈髋部疼痛,下肢缩短并发生旋转。最可能的并发症是什么?
A patient takes both digoxin and furosemide. Why does the nurse watch the potassium level closely?
A patient had 40 minutes of chest pain at rest. The ECG shows ST depression without ST elevation, and the troponin is rising. What is the diagnosis?
一名高血压难以控制、血钾持续偏低的患者,未使用利尿剂。应考虑哪种疾病?
一名血液透析患者问为什么透析间期要限制液体。哪项解释是正确的?
Which advice helps prevent dumping syndrome after gastrectomy?
A patient with a permanent pacemaker is booked for surgery using monopolar diathermy. Why must the team know?
答案: C · 无反应、喘息样不规则呼吸的患者
无反应且有濒死呼吸的患者需要立即的气道和呼吸支持,这是 ESI 1 级。生命体征正常的胸痛属于高危(2 级),其他则是较低级别。
答案: B · Turn her onto her left side
Lying on the back lets the uterus compress the inferior vena cava, reducing blood return to the heart. Turning to the left side relieves the pressure and restores the blood pressure.
答案: C · Chlorhexidine-alcohol skin antisepsis and maximal sterile barrier precautions
The insertion bundle includes hand hygiene, chlorhexidine-alcohol skin prep, maximal barrier precautions (cap, mask, sterile gown, sterile gloves and a full body drape) and avoiding the femoral site in adults. Routine replacement and routine antibiotics are not recommended.
答案: C · An allergic reaction or a parasitic infection
Eosinophils rise in allergic conditions such as asthma and drug reactions and in parasitic infections. Acute bacterial infection mainly raises neutrophils, and viral infection often raises lymphocytes.
答案: A · The left arm
After axillary node removal, venipuncture and blood pressure readings are usually avoided on that side to reduce the risk of lymphedema and infection. The opposite arm is used whenever possible, according to policy.
答案: D · Low urine sodium and concentrated urine with a high specific gravity
In prerenal AKI the tubules are intact, so they keep sodium and water, giving a low urine sodium and concentrated urine. In ATN the damaged tubules cannot do this, so urine sodium is high, the urine is dilute and muddy brown casts appear.核对依据: Urine specific gravity test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答案: B · 在床旁确认患者身份并与血液成分核对一致
在床旁将患者腕带上的身份信息与配血标签和医嘱进行核对。开始输血前测量基线生命体征。
答案: C · 假体脱位
关节置换术后髋关节脱位会引起突发疼痛、下肢缩短和旋转。需要紧急评估和复位;应教会患者活动注意事项。
答案: B · Low potassium increases the risk of digoxin toxicity
Digoxin binds to the Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase pump at the site potassium normally uses. When potassium is low, more digoxin binds, so toxicity and arrhythmias become more likely. Loop diuretics commonly cause hypokalaemia, so the combination needs monitoring.
答案: D · Non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction
An NSTEMI is an acute coronary syndrome with myocardial necrosis (rising troponin) but no persistent ST elevation; ST depression or T wave inversion may be seen. It is treated with antiplatelets, anticoagulation and angiography based on risk, rather than emergency reperfusion.
答案: C · 原发性醛固酮增多症(Conn 综合征)
醛固酮过多导致钠水潴留(高血压)和钾丢失(低钾血症)。原发性醛固酮增多症是高血压常见的继发原因,通过醛固酮/肾素比值筛查。Addison 病的表现则相反。
答案: C · 过多的液体积聚,使血压升高,并在透析时引起呼吸困难和痉挛
残余尿量很少的患者在两次透析之间会积聚液体。体重增加过多会引起高血压、肺水肿和心脏负担,透析时快速清除大量液体则引起低血压和痉挛。限制液体和盐(盐会引起口渴)可使增重保持在可控范围内。
答案: A · Small, frequent meals low in simple sugars, with fluids between meals
Small meals, fewer simple sugars, more protein and fibre, and taking fluids between rather than with meals slow emptying and reduce fluid shifts. Lying down briefly after meals can also help.
答案: A · Diathermy can interfere with the pacemaker's function
Electrical interference from monopolar diathermy can inhibit or reprogram pacemakers and defibrillators. The team plans ahead, for example using bipolar diathermy, placing the plate carefully or having the device checked.
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