优先排序与委派
方法
- 问自己:如果什么都不做,什么会最快伤害患者。
- 应用 ABC(心脏骤停时为 C-A-B),然后是 Maslow 需求层次:生理需要先于安全,安全先于心理需要。
- 比较各选项:急性先于慢性,不稳定先于稳定,意外先于预期,全身性先于局部,并将每项发现与患者的基线对照。
- 除非是紧急情况,否则先评估再行动;然后选择其他步骤所依赖的那一步。
- 委派时核对五项正确:任务、情境、人员、指示和监督。评估、宣教和评价仍由注册护士负责。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 14 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
一名患者向护理助理询问一种新药的副作用。助理应怎么做?
During a power cut, which patient is the nurse’s first priority?
一名患者想拒绝服用处方药。护士应怎么做?
一名疑似百日咳的患者因没有空闲单人间,需要暂住共用病房。在联系感染控制期间,哪种安排最恰当?
一名服用地高辛的患者血药水平为 2.8 ng/mL,心率 52 次/分。护士最好的措施是什么?
A patient with a round face, central weight gain and purple stretch marks has a glucose of 210 mg/dL (11.7 mmol/L) and a potassium of 3.1 mEq/L. Which condition fits best?
A patient is admitted with cellulitis of the leg. Why might the nurse mark the edge of the redness on the skin?
A patient with small cell lung cancer has hyponatraemia, concentrated urine and no signs of dehydration. Which condition and first measure fit best?
一名患者因 DVT 开始服用华法林。为什么最初几天还要同时使用肝素或低分子量肝素?
一名已知外周动脉疾病的患者突然出现足部冰冷、苍白、疼痛,没有脉搏,脚趾麻木。优先处理是什么?
A kidney transplant recipient asks about travel vaccines. Which statement is correct?
一名服用锂盐的患者多尿、口渴,使用去氨加压素后尿液仍不能浓缩。最可能的原因是什么?
Why is a urinary catheter usually inserted in a patient with a major burn?
A patient with a severe flare of ulcerative colitis develops abdominal distension, fever and tachycardia, and the stool frequency has dropped. What should the nurse suspect?
答案: C · 说护士会来回答,并告诉护士
关于药物的患者教育是护理职责。助理把问题转交给护士,这样患者可以获得符合其情况的准确信息。
答案: C · A patient who depends on a ventilator
A ventilator-dependent patient is at immediate risk. The nurse checks that the ventilator is on emergency power or battery and keeps a manual resuscitation bag ready.
答案: B · 了解原因、加以解释、尊重有能力者的选择并记录
拒绝的权利是给药权利之一。护士应了解原因并提供信息,但要尊重有行为能力患者的决定。未经法律程序的隐蔽给药或虚假记录都是不可接受的。
答案: B · 拉上床帘,间隔 1 米(3 英尺)以上,近距离接触时戴口罩
飞沫传播预防的重点是距离、口罩和屏障。首选单人间,因此应联系感染控制人员。把患者安置在易感患者附近是危险的。
答案: B · 暂停该剂量并通知开医嘱者
2.8 ng/mL 的水平高于通常范围,心率慢也符合中毒。护士应暂停该剂量,检查钾和心电图并通知开医嘱者。
答案: C · Cushing syndrome
Excess cortisol raises glucose, causes central obesity, a round face and purple striae, and has some mineralocorticoid effect that lowers potassium. Adrenal insufficiency causes low glucose and high potassium.核对依据: Hypercortisolism (Cushing Syndrome) · StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf) (2025); Hypokalemia · StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf) (2025)
答案: C · To monitor whether the infection is spreading or improving
Marking the margin helps staff see whether the redness is spreading despite treatment, which may mean antibiotics need review. The limb is also elevated and observations monitored.
答案: D · SIADH, often managed first with fluid restriction
In SIADH, excess ADH makes the kidneys retain water, so blood sodium is diluted while urine is concentrated. Small cell lung cancer is a classic cause; fluid restriction is a common first step.
答案: B · 华法林需要几天才能达到完全的效果
华法林减少依赖维生素 K 的凝血因子的合成,但已有的凝血因子需要数天才能清除,而且早期可能短暂增加凝血倾向。肝素或低分子量肝素至少重叠使用五天,并持续到 INR 在目标范围内(通常 ≥2)至少 24 小时。
答案: C · 立即作为急症上报;保持腿部水平,不加热
疼痛(pain)、苍白(pallor)、无脉(pulselessness)、感觉异常(paraesthesia)、麻痹(paralysis)和肢体冰冷(perishingly cold)提示急性肢体缺血,通常由栓子或血栓引起。需要在数小时内重建血运才能保住肢体。加热会增加代谢需求并可造成烫伤,抬高会减少动脉血流,加压则有害。
答案: D · Live vaccines are usually avoided
Live vaccines, such as yellow fever, can cause infection in immunosuppressed patients and are usually avoided. Inactivated vaccines, such as influenza, are recommended, although the response may be weaker.
答案: D · 锂引起的肾性尿崩症
锂是肾性尿崩症的常见原因,此时集合管对 ADH 没有反应,因此去氨加压素几乎无效。处理包括由专科复核锂的使用、保证饮水,并监测血钠和锂浓度。
答案: C · Hourly urine output guides fluid resuscitation
Fluid formulas give an initial estimate; the rate is then adjusted to urine output, typically around 0.5 mL/kg/h in adults, along with other signs of perfusion.
答案: C · Toxic megacolon
Toxic megacolon is dilatation of the inflamed colon with systemic toxicity and a high risk of perforation. Antimotility drugs and opioids are avoided, an abdominal X-ray is done and the surgical team is involved.
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