优先排序与委派
方法
- 问自己:如果什么都不做,什么会最快伤害患者。
- 应用 ABC(心脏骤停时为 C-A-B),然后是 Maslow 需求层次:生理需要先于安全,安全先于心理需要。
- 比较各选项:急性先于慢性,不稳定先于稳定,意外先于预期,全身性先于局部,并将每项发现与患者的基线对照。
- 除非是紧急情况,否则先评估再行动;然后选择其他步骤所依赖的那一步。
- 委派时核对五项正确:任务、情境、人员、指示和监督。评估、宣教和评价仍由注册护士负责。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 14 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
对于采取防跌倒措施的患者,护士应将哪项任务委派给护理助理?
护士应首先将哪位患者上报给快速反应小组?
“Tall Man”大写字母标注法(如 hydrOXYzine 和 hydrALAZINE)的目的是什么?
A patient punches a nurse during care. The nurse is not seriously hurt. What should the nurse do?
A patient has a hot, swollen big toe. The serum uric acid is normal. Which statement is correct?
一名患者的万古霉素谷浓度为 28 mcg/mL;开医嘱者设定的目标为 15–20 mcg/mL。下一次给药时间到了。最好的措施是什么?
病房中一名患者在首剂 β 受体阻滞剂后出现喘鸣和气短。哪种病史最可能导致这种情况?
在分诊中,应首先处理哪位患者?
A patient takes both digoxin and furosemide. Why does the nurse watch the potassium level closely?
A conscious adult in the dining room is suddenly unable to speak, cough or breathe after a mouthful of food. What should the nurse do first?
Which signs suggest rejection of a kidney transplant?
一名急性肾小管坏死恢复中的患者进入多尿期,每天排尿超过 4 L。主要的护理关注点是什么?
Why is IV hydration given with cisplatin?
Two days after surgery, a patient on regular ibuprofen has a low urine output and a rising creatinine, and intake has been poor. What should the nurse do?
答案: C · 按计划每 2 小时协助患者上厕所
定时如厕巡视是遵循护理计划的常规任务。跌倒风险评分、决定干预措施和教育都需要护理判断。
答案: B · 一名尿路感染患者,新出现意识模糊,呼吸频率 26 次/分,收缩压 94 mmHg
感染患者新出现意识模糊、呼吸频率 22 次/分或以上、收缩压 100 mmHg 或以下(qSOFA 标准),提示可能的脓毒症,恶化风险高。该患者需要紧急上报、培养和早期使用抗生素。NEWS2 等早期预警评分也给出同样的信号。其他患者是稳定的。
答案: A · 使外观相似的药名更容易区分
Tall Man 标注法把相似药名中不同的字母用大写表示,使工作人员在阅读标签、屏幕和医嘱时能注意到差异。
答案: C · Get medical assessment and report the assault according to policy
Workplace violence should always be reported. Reporting allows care for the injured staff member, review of risks and changes to the patient’s care plan to protect staff and other patients.
答案: A · Gout is still possible, as urate can be normal in an attack
Serum urate can be normal or even low during an acute gout attack. The definitive test is joint aspiration showing needle-shaped urate crystals, which also helps rule out septic arthritis.核对依据: Gout · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025); Synovial Fluid Analysis · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)
答案: C · 暂停该剂量,通知开医嘱者并检查肾功能
谷浓度高于目标意味着药物在蓄积,这会增加肾损害的风险。护士应暂停该剂量并通知开医嘱者,后者将调整剂量或间隔。同时检查肾功能。
答案: D · 哮喘
非选择性甚至心脏选择性 β 受体阻滞剂都可能引起支气管痉挛,因此哮喘患者通常应避免使用。
答案: D · 吃花生后呼吸有杂音、嘴唇肿胀的患者
喘鸣和嘴唇肿胀提示过敏性休克伴气道受累,会立即危及生命。其他患者可以安全等待。
答案: D · Low potassium increases the risk of digoxin toxicity
Digoxin binds to the Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase pump at the site potassium normally uses. When potassium is low, more digoxin binds, so toxicity and arrhythmias become more likely. Loop diuretics commonly cause hypokalaemia, so the combination needs monitoring.
答案: A · Up to five back blows, then up to five abdominal thrusts if needed
For a conscious adult with severe choking, current UK, European and AHA (2025) guidance teach up to five back blows, then up to five abdominal thrusts, repeated until the obstruction clears; some older courses used abdominal thrusts alone. If the person becomes unconscious, CPR is started. Blind finger sweeps can push the object further in.
答案: A · Less urine, a rising creatinine and a tender graft
Acute rejection may cause falling urine output, rising creatinine, weight gain, fever, and pain or tenderness over the graft. Many episodes are found on blood tests before symptoms appear, so regular monitoring is essential.
答案: A · 脱水伴低钾低钠
在 ATN 的利尿期,滤过功能先于肾小管重吸收功能恢复,因此排出大量稀释尿。患者有低血容量以及钾和钠丢失的风险。应监测液体平衡、每日体重和电解质,并按医嘱补液。
答案: B · To protect the kidneys from damage
Cisplatin is nephrotoxic, so hydration and electrolyte replacement (especially magnesium) are given. It can also cause ototoxicity, neuropathy and severe nausea.
答案: A · Withhold the next dose and report to the prescriber
NSAIDs can cause acute kidney injury, particularly with hypovolaemia, older age or other nephrotoxic drugs. The nurse withholds and reports, and fluid status and other analgesia are reviewed.
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