优先排序与委派
方法
- 问自己:如果什么都不做,什么会最快伤害患者。
- 应用 ABC(心脏骤停时为 C-A-B),然后是 Maslow 需求层次:生理需要先于安全,安全先于心理需要。
- 比较各选项:急性先于慢性,不稳定先于稳定,意外先于预期,全身性先于局部,并将每项发现与患者的基线对照。
- 除非是紧急情况,否则先评估再行动;然后选择其他步骤所依赖的那一步。
- 委派时核对五项正确:任务、情境、人员、指示和监督。评估、宣教和评价仍由注册护士负责。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 14 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
一名护士将测量常规生命体征的任务委派给护理助理,而该患者的血压在过去一小时内一直在下降。未满足委派的哪项正确原则?
A patient in acute mania paces constantly, has lost weight and will not sit down to eat. Which intervention is most helpful?
戴无菌手套时,护士应如何戴上第二只手套?
Which patient with a suspected infection meets at least two SIRS criteria?
A patient has a calcium of 7.0 mg/dL (1.75 mmol/L) and tingling around the mouth. Which nursing measure is most appropriate?
一名钙为 6.8 mg/dL(1.7 mmol/L)的患者突然出现呼吸嘈杂和声音嘶哑。这提示什么?
Why can a very low serum albumin contribute to oedema?
一名头部外伤患者出现血压升高、心率减慢和呼吸不规则。这提示:
Which history is a contraindication to thrombolysis for a STEMI?
After four days of antibiotics for pneumonia, a patient still has fever and pleuritic pain. There is dullness and reduced breath sounds at the right base. What complication should be suspected?
A patient has acute glomerulonephritis with oedema and high blood pressure. Which nursing care is most appropriate?
一名 1 型糖尿病患者因明天手术而禁食。哪种方案最安全?
Which long-term effect must be monitored in patients receiving anthracyclines such as doxorubicin?
A patient with recurrent diverticulitis reports passing air and faecal matter in the urine. What is the most likely cause?
答案: A · 正确的情境
生命体征通常是可委派的,但这名患者不稳定,因此情境不对。病情恶化的患者需要 RN 亲自评估和解读发现。
答案: D · Offer high-calorie finger foods and drinks the patient can take while moving
Patients in mania may be too active to sit and eat. Portable high-calorie foods and fluids help meet physiological needs, which are a priority.
答案: A · 将已戴手套的手指插入第二只手套的袖口下面并拉上
第一只手套只能用裸手接触其袖口的内面。已戴手套的手随后只接触第二只手套的外面,即翻折袖口的下方。手套内面一旦接触皮肤就不再无菌。
答案: A · Temperature 38.6 °C and heart rate 112/min
SIRS criteria include a temperature above 38 °C or below 36 °C, heart rate above 90/min, respiratory rate above 20/min and a WBC above 12,000 or below 4,000/mm3. Only the first patient meets two.
答案: C · Put seizure precautions in place and report the result
Hypocalcemia increases neuromuscular excitability and can cause tetany, laryngospasm and seizures. The nurse reports the result, keeps the patient safe with seizure precautions and expects calcium replacement. The other measures fit hypercalcemia.核对依据: Hypoparathyroidism · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026)
答案: D · 喉痉挛,属于需要紧急救助和静脉补钙的急症
严重低钙血症可引起喉痉挛,阻塞气道。护士应紧急呼救,支持气道,并按处方准备静脉葡萄糖酸钙,同时进行心电监护。核对依据: Hypocalcemia (StatPearls) · StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf) (2026)
答案: B · It lowers the oncotic pressure that holds fluid in the blood vessels
Albumin creates oncotic pressure, drawing fluid into the capillaries. When it is low, as in liver disease, nephrotic syndrome or malnutrition, fluid leaks into the tissues.
答案: C · 颅内压增高(库欣三联征)
库欣三联征(高血压伴脉压增大、心动过缓和呼吸不规则)是颅内压增高的晚期征象,需要紧急处理。
答案: A · A previous haemorrhagic stroke
Absolute contraindications include any previous intracranial haemorrhage, recent ischaemic stroke, active internal bleeding, suspected aortic dissection and recent major trauma or surgery. Thrombolysis is used when primary PCI cannot be delivered in time.
答案: D · A parapneumonic effusion or empyema
Persistent fever and signs of pleural fluid suggest a parapneumonic effusion, which may become infected (empyema). Ultrasound and diagnostic pleural aspiration are needed, and an infected collection usually needs a chest drain in addition to antibiotics.
答案: D · Monitor BP, fluid balance and daily weight
In acute glomerulonephritis, salt and water retention cause oedema and hypertension. Close monitoring of BP, input and output and daily weights is needed, often with salt and fluid restriction and antihypertensives.
答案: C · 继续使用一部分胰岛素(基础胰岛素或可变速率静脉输注),并监测血糖
1 型糖尿病患者停用胰岛素会在数小时内导致酮症酸中毒。围手术期应继续基础胰岛素(常减量),或对较长时间的禁食使用含葡萄糖液体的可变速率静脉胰岛素输注。禁食期间暂停餐时胰岛素。需要经常检测血糖。
答案: C · Damage to the heart muscle
Anthracyclines can cause cumulative, dose-related cardiomyopathy and heart failure. Cardiac function is checked before and during treatment, and a lifetime dose limit is applied.
答案: D · A fistula between the colon and the bladder
Pneumaturia and faecaluria suggest a colovesical fistula, a recognised complication of diverticulitis (and Crohn's disease or cancer). Recurrent urinary infections are common, and surgery is usually needed.
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