优先排序与委派
方法
- 问自己:如果什么都不做,什么会最快伤害患者。
- 应用 ABC(心脏骤停时为 C-A-B),然后是 Maslow 需求层次:生理需要先于安全,安全先于心理需要。
- 比较各选项:急性先于慢性,不稳定先于稳定,意外先于预期,全身性先于局部,并将每项发现与患者的基线对照。
- 除非是紧急情况,否则先评估再行动;然后选择其他步骤所依赖的那一步。
- 委派时核对五项正确:任务、情境、人员、指示和监督。评估、宣教和评价仍由注册护士负责。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 14 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
A nurse gives IV morphine for severe pain. When should the nurse reassess the pain and sedation?
A patient with severe sepsis starts oozing blood from IV sites and the gums, and bruises appear on the skin. What should the nurse suspect?
为什么口服液体药物要用口服或肠内注射器,而不是普通静脉注射器抽取?
A patient with a common cold asks for antibiotics “to be on the safe side”. Which response is best?
A patient is starting dabigatran, a direct oral anticoagulant. Which laboratory test is most important to review before the first dose?
一份 aPTT 结果极高,但护士得知样本是从输注肝素的那只手臂采集的。最好的措施是什么?
Why is it important to prevent hypothermia during and after surgery?
Why must severe chronic hyponatraemia be corrected slowly?
How does digoxin help a patient with atrial fibrillation and heart failure?
一名心肌梗死恢复中的患者对恢复正常生活感到焦虑。哪项干预最能支持其康复?
一名 C6 水平急性脊髓损伤患者,哪种表现提示神经源性休克?
一名中枢性尿崩症患者开始使用去氨加压素。护士应监测哪种并发症?
Which statement about corticosteroids in inflammatory bowel disease is correct?
一名患者正在接受负压伤口治疗。泵报警,敷料失去了密封。最恰当的措施是什么?
答案: D · Within about 15–30 minutes
IV opioids act within minutes, so the nurse reassesses pain, sedation and breathing within about 15–30 minutes. Oral analgesics are usually reassessed later, after about an hour.
答案: A · Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
In DIC, widespread clotting uses up platelets and clotting factors, causing bleeding from many sites. It is a serious complication of sepsis that needs urgent escalation.
答案: A · 口服注射器无法接入静脉管路,可防止给药途径错误
口服和肠内注射器的接头与静脉接口不匹配,因此口服液体不会被误注入静脉。口服液体的给药途径错误曾导致死亡。
答案: C · Explain that antibiotics do not work on viruses and overuse breeds resistant bacteria
Colds are caused by viruses, which antibiotics do not kill. Unneeded antibiotics cause side effects and drive resistance, so the nurse explains this and offers advice on managing symptoms.
答案: A · Kidney function (creatinine clearance)
Dabigatran is excreted mainly by the kidneys, so poor kidney function raises the drug level and bleeding risk. Kidney function is checked before starting and regularly afterwards. Routine INR monitoring is not used for direct oral anticoagulants.核对依据: Dabigatran · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答案: D · 在调整剂量之前,要求从对侧手臂重新采样
从输液手臂抽取的血液含有来自输液的肝素,因此 aPTT 假性偏高。来自另一只手臂的样本才能给出真实的结果。根据错误的结果改变剂量可能导致血栓形成。核对依据: Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT) Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026)
答案: B · It increases the risk of wound infection, bleeding and cardiac complications
Inadvertent perioperative hypothermia impairs clotting and immune function and increases cardiac events and wound infection. Patients are warmed actively and their temperature monitored.
答案: A · Too-rapid correction can cause osmotic demyelination in the brain
In chronic hyponatraemia brain cells adapt to the low tonicity. A rapid rise in sodium draws water out too fast and can cause osmotic demyelination, so the correction rate is limited and sodium is checked often.
答案: C · It slows AV node conduction and increases contractility
Digoxin inhibits the Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase, raising intracellular calcium and contractility, and increases vagal tone, slowing AV conduction and the ventricular rate. It controls symptoms but does not reduce stroke risk, so anticoagulation is still needed in AF.
答案: A · 转介心脏康复
心脏康复结合了监督下的运动、危险因素教育、用药指导和心理支持。它可改善生活质量,降低心血管死亡率和再入院率。应根据建议鼓励患者逐步恢复活动,包括工作、驾驶和性生活。
答案: D · 低血压、脉搏缓慢、皮肤温暖干燥
神经源性休克见于 T6 或以上水平的损伤。交感张力丧失引起血管扩张(皮肤温暖干燥)和迷走神经活动失去对抗(心动过缓)。低血容量性休克引起心动过速和皮肤湿冷;创伤患者可能两者都有,因此仍需寻找出血。
答案: B · 低钠血症
去氨加压素是人工合成的 ADH 类似物。如果患者继续大量饮水,水潴留可引起低钠血症,出现头痛、意识混乱或惊厥。建议患者按口渴感饮水,并监测血钠、体重和液体平衡。
答案: C · They are used to induce remission, not for maintenance
Steroids settle flares but are not effective or safe for maintenance because of side effects such as osteoporosis, diabetes and infection. Drugs such as aminosalicylates, immunomodulators or biologics maintain remission.
答案: C · 恢复密封;如果及时无法恢复,改用湿性敷料
NPWT 需要气密的密封。如果密封或吸力丧失且不能及时恢复(许多指南规定约 2 小时内),应取出泡沫并换成标准敷料,以降低感染风险。安全间隔由制造商和当地指南规定。
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