优先排序与委派
方法
- 问自己:如果什么都不做,什么会最快伤害患者。
- 应用 ABC(心脏骤停时为 C-A-B),然后是 Maslow 需求层次:生理需要先于安全,安全先于心理需要。
- 比较各选项:急性先于慢性,不稳定先于稳定,意外先于预期,全身性先于局部,并将每项发现与患者的基线对照。
- 除非是紧急情况,否则先评估再行动;然后选择其他步骤所依赖的那一步。
- 委派时核对五项正确:任务、情境、人员、指示和监督。评估、宣教和评价仍由注册护士负责。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 14 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
A patient taking lisinopril develops swelling of the lips and tongue. What should the nurse do first?
在外科病房,护士应首先看哪位术后患者?
A patient with a respiratory infection has a raised procalcitonin level. What does this most suggest?
一名患者伤口曾感染 MRSA,现在需要换药。哪种个人防护装备是恰当的?
A patient with type 2 diabetes starts prednisone each morning. When is the glucose most likely to be highest?
Which cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pattern most strongly suggests bacterial meningitis?
一名心力衰竭患者咳粉红色泡沫痰,双肺满布湿啰音。发生了什么?
一名髋部骨折的老年患者在受伤两天后出现气短、意识混乱,胸部有瘀点状皮疹。应怀疑哪种并发症?
How does ezetimibe lower cholesterol?
心脏手术后一小时,纵隔引流管引出 350 mL 鲜红色血液,心率正在上升。护士应怎么做?
哪项尿液表现最能区分尿崩症和 SIADH?
A patient with stable epilepsy on phenytoin started a new medicine last week. They now have nystagmus, an unsteady gait and slurred speech. What should the nurse do?
A patient with obstructive sleep apnoea is admitted for surgery. Which instruction is most appropriate?
An 80 kg adult has 30% TBSA partial- and full-thickness burns. Using the Parkland formula, how much crystalloid is planned for the first 8 hours from the time of the burn?
答案: A · Assess the airway and call for urgent help
Angioedema is a rare but dangerous effect of ACE inhibitors. The airway comes first: the nurse assesses breathing, calls for urgent help and holds the drug.
答案: D · 颈动脉内膜切除术后 6 小时:颈部肿胀加重,诉吞咽困难
颈动脉手术后颈部肿胀增大提示可能压迫气道的血肿。粉红湿润的造口以及冲洗时淡粉色的尿液是预期的,活动时中度疼痛也很常见。
答案: C · A bacterial rather than a viral infection
Procalcitonin rises mainly in bacterial infections and much less in viral ones. It is used with clinical judgement to help decide when antibiotics are needed or can be stopped.
答案: B · 隔离衣和手套,若可能有飞溅则加戴护目装备和口罩
MRSA 通过接触传播,因此应穿隔离衣、戴手套。标准预防要求在可能有伤口渗液飞溅时加用眼部和面部防护。伤口 MRSA 不需要呼吸器。
答案: A · In the afternoon and evening
A morning dose of prednisone raises glucose mainly in the afternoon and evening, with a smaller effect overnight. Glucose monitoring and insulin plans often target these times, and doses are adjusted when the steroid is tapered.核对依据: Blood Glucose Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)
答案: A · Cloudy fluid, low glucose, high protein, many neutrophils
Bacterial meningitis typically gives cloudy CSF with many neutrophils, high protein and low glucose, because bacteria and white cells use glucose. Viral meningitis usually shows lymphocytes with a normal glucose; option C is normal CSF.核对依据: CSF glucose test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025); CSF cell count · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025); CSF total protein · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答案: B · 急性肺水肿
急性肺水肿引起严重气短、湿啰音和泡沫痰。让患者坐起,给氧,并紧急呼叫医生;通常会使用利尿剂。
答案: A · 脂肪栓塞综合征
脂肪栓塞通常在长骨或骨盆骨折后 24–72 小时出现,表现为呼吸窘迫、神经系统改变和瘀点状皮疹三联征。
答案: D · It reduces absorption of cholesterol from the gut
Ezetimibe blocks the intestinal cholesterol transporter (NPC1L1), so less dietary and biliary cholesterol is absorbed and LDL falls. It is often added to a statin. Statins act by inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase in the liver.
答案: A · 立即报告外科团队
引流量超过约 100–200 mL/h(或突然大量新鲜血液),尤其是伴有心动过速或低血压时,可能提示外科出血,需要紧急评估。夹闭管路可能导致心脏压塞。引流突然停止并伴有血压下降,也可能提示压塞。
答案: D · 尿崩症为稀释尿;SIADH 为浓缩尿
在尿崩症中,缺乏 ADH 作用导致大量稀释尿(比重常低于 1.005)和血清钠升高。在 SIADH 中,ADH 过多导致尿量少、尿液浓缩和血清钠降低。
答案: C · Suspect phenytoin toxicity, hold the next dose and ask for a drug level
Nystagmus, ataxia and slurred speech are classic signs of phenytoin toxicity. Interacting drugs can raise its level. The nurse holds the dose, ensures safety and escalates for a level and a review. A new neurological deficit still needs medical assessment.
答案: C · Bring their CPAP machine to use after surgery
OSA increases the risk of airway obstruction and respiratory depression after anaesthesia, especially with opioids. Using CPAP, careful opioid use, sitting up and close monitoring reduce this risk.
答案: D · 4800 mL
Parkland gives 4 × 80 × 30 = 9600 mL in 24 hours, with half (4800 mL) in the first 8 hours from the time of injury. The rate is then adjusted to urine output and clinical response. Many burn centres now start lower, for example at 2 mL/kg/%TBSA in adults, and titrate to urine output.
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