优先排序与委派
方法
- 问自己:如果什么都不做,什么会最快伤害患者。
- 应用 ABC(心脏骤停时为 C-A-B),然后是 Maslow 需求层次:生理需要先于安全,安全先于心理需要。
- 比较各选项:急性先于慢性,不稳定先于稳定,意外先于预期,全身性先于局部,并将每项发现与患者的基线对照。
- 除非是紧急情况,否则先评估再行动;然后选择其他步骤所依赖的那一步。
- 委派时核对五项正确:任务、情境、人员、指示和监督。评估、宣教和评价仍由注册护士负责。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 14 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
Which practice makes a shift handover safest?
一名新做气管切开的患者咳嗽、呼吸嘈杂,SpO₂ 已降至 86%。首要行动是什么?
Why are some patients screened with a nasal swab for MRSA on admission?
A nursing student describes how they remove PPE (gown, gloves and a mask worn for splash protection) at the doorway before leaving a contact precautions room. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
为什么对血清白蛋白低的患者,必须谨慎解读偏低的总钙?
哪一组结果最能代表缺铁性贫血?
一名患者腹部僵硬如板,因活动会加重疼痛而一动不动地躺着。这提示什么?
一名长期饥饿后接受肠内管饲的患者出现低磷、低钾和心律失常。最可能是什么?
胸腔引流管中的液面不再波动。这可能意味着什么?
A ventilated patient suddenly desaturates to 82%. The cause is not obvious and the ventilator alarms are sounding. What should the nurse do first?
为什么脊髓损伤后常教患者间歇性自我导尿?
The nurse has four neurology patients. Which one needs to be seen first?
What is the most important safety point about misoprostol?
Which preoperative task can a registered nurse usually delegate to a healthcare assistant (nursing assistant)?
答案: C · A structured format, such as SBAR, with time for questions
Handover is a high-risk moment for errors. A structured format and the chance to ask questions help the next nurse understand each patient’s condition and priorities.
答案: A · 对气管切开管吸痰
气管切开患者出现呼吸嘈杂、咳嗽和 SpO₂ 下降,提示管内有分泌物。吸痰可清理气道。如果气道仍被堵塞,应遵循气管切开紧急处理流程并呼叫援助。
答案: D · To find carriers so precautions or decolonization can be used
Screening identifies people who are colonized with MRSA, often in the nose. Precautions and, in some cases, decolonization reduce spread and the risk of the patient’s own infection after surgery.
答案: C · “I take off my mask first, and then I take off my gloves.”
Gloves are the most contaminated item and are removed first, so dirty gloves do not touch the face or mask. Gown and gloves are taken off at the doorway before leaving the room, and hand hygiene follows. The other steps are correct.
答案: D · 许多钙与白蛋白结合,因此即使离子钙正常,总钙也会下降
约 40–45% 的钙与血浆蛋白结合,主要是白蛋白。白蛋白低时,总钙下降,而离子钙可能正常。校正钙或实测离子钙才能反映真实情况。核对依据: Hypocalcemia (StatPearls) · StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf) (2026)
答案: C · 血红蛋白低、红细胞小(MCV 低)和铁蛋白低
缺铁引起小细胞性贫血(MCV 低),铁储备低(铁蛋白低)。红细胞大提示维生素 B12 或叶酸缺乏。核对依据: Ferritin Blood Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025); RBC indices · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026)
答案: C · 腹膜炎
腹膜炎(常由穿孔引起)会导致肌紧张、腹壁强直以及活动时疼痛加重。这是外科急症。
答案: C · 再喂养综合征
再喂养综合征是恢复进食时磷、钾和镁迅速转移进入细胞所致。高危患者应缓慢开始,并监测电解质和补充硫胺素。
答案: B · 肺已复张,或引流管扭曲、堵塞
肺完全复张并封闭管口时可出现波动消失,但引流管扭曲、被血块堵塞或患者压住管子时也会如此。应评估患者和管路,并上报。
答案: A · Disconnect and hand-ventilate with 100% oxygen while calling for help
When a ventilated patient deteriorates suddenly, bag-valve ventilation with 100% oxygen takes the ventilator out of the picture. The nurse then checks for displacement, obstruction, pneumothorax and equipment failure (often remembered as DOPE) and calls for senior help.
答案: B · 膀胱可能无法排空,定期排空可保护肾脏
脊髓损伤常引起神经源性膀胱。定期清洁间歇导尿可排空膀胱,防止高压,减少感染和肾损伤,并避免诱发自主神经反射异常。
答案: D · A patient with Guillain–Barré syndrome whose vital capacity is falling
A falling vital capacity and weak cough in Guillain–Barré syndrome warn of respiratory failure, which may need ventilation. The other patients have expected or less urgent problems.
答案: A · It can cause miscarriage and must not be used in pregnancy
Misoprostol protects the stomach lining against NSAID damage, but it stimulates uterine contraction and can cause miscarriage. Diarrhoea is its most common side effect.
答案: A · Recording baseline vital signs
Trained assistants can record routine observations and report them. Assessment, teaching and interpreting results need registered nurse knowledge and judgement.
本内容为独立练习材料。ExamProblems 与该考试的主办机构没有隶属关系,也未获其认可,考试名称仅用于描述内容。 NCLEX®, NCLEX-RN® and NCLEX-PN® 是 the National Council of State Boards of Nursing, Inc. (NCSBN) 的商标,该机构与 ExamProblems 无关,不为其背书,也不保证其准确性。
ExamProblems · examproblems.com/courses/nclex-style-prioritization-and-delegation