Which measure is appropriate for a patient with a fever who feels hot and uncomfortable?
ALight bedclothes, plenty of fluids and a prescribed antipyretic
BRestricting fluids so the patient sweats less during the fever
CExtra blankets to make the patient sweat it out
DAn ice bath until the patient shivers
2.护理学基础困难
在年轻成人的早期低血容量性休克中,哪项体征通常在血压下降之前出现?
A皮肤温暖潮红
B心率减慢
C心率加快伴肢端发凉
D血压极低
3.临床护理中等
Which instruction is correct for taking weekly alendronic acid (alendronate)?
ATake it with a glass of milk at bedtime and then lie down straight away
BTake it with an antacid to protect the stomach
CTake it with plain water on an empty stomach and stay upright for 30 minutes
DChew the tablet with breakfast and a cup of milky tea
4.临床护理困难
A patient with poorly controlled hyperthyroidism develops a high fever, very fast heart rate, agitation and vomiting during an infection. What is likely?
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
QTc = s
12.心电图节律条带解读困难
这条 II 导联心电图显示心房与心室之间存在传导问题。这是什么节律?点击你的答案。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1二度 I 型房室传导阻滞(文氏现象)
2三度(完全性)房室传导阻滞
3二度 II 型房室传导阻滞
4交界性心律
13.优先排序与委派中等
An arterial blood gas shows pH 7.28, PaCO₂ 40 mmHg (5.3 kPa) and HCO₃⁻ 16 mEq/L (mmol/L). How should the nurse interpret it?
AMetabolic alkalosis
BRespiratory alkalosis
CRespiratory acidosis
DMetabolic acidosis
14.优先排序与委派困难
在心脏科病房,护士应首先看哪位患者?
A一名心力衰竭患者,自昨天起体重增加了 0.3 kg
B一名服用地高辛的患者,脉搏 48 次/分,恶心,钾 3.0 mEq/L
C一名房颤患者,心率 88 次/分,不规则,一如既往
D一名被要求明天扫描前禁食的患者
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
When should the transparent dressing over a peripheral IV site be changed?
AEvery hour, so the site can be cleaned again
BWhen it is damp, loose or visibly soiled
COnly when the patient asks for a new dressing
DOnly when the IV catheter is removed, whatever its state
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
一名护士正准备给予静脉吗啡。患者的呼吸频率为 9 次/分,非常嗜睡。护士应怎么做?
A暂停给药,评估患者并通知开医嘱者
B给药,明天再复查呼吸频率
C给半量
D给药,因为之前主诉过疼痛
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
一名肝硬化患者白蛋白为 2.2 g/dL(22 g/L)。哪项发现与之最可能相关?
A尿量增加
B高钾血症
C高血压
D水肿和腹水
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
A patient with a round face, central weight gain and purple stretch marks has a glucose of 210 mg/dL (11.7 mmol/L) and a potassium of 3.1 mEq/L. Which condition fits best?
ACushing syndrome
BHypothyroidism
CAdrenal insufficiency
DDiabetes insipidus
3溶液
1.护理学基础
答案: A · Light bedclothes, plenty of fluids and a prescribed antipyretic
为什么是这个答案
Light clothing, fluids and antipyretics such as paracetamol (acetaminophen) increase comfort and replace fluid lost through sweating. Very cold sponging causes shivering, which produces heat.
答案
A · Light bedclothes, plenty of fluids and a prescribed antipyretic
答案: C · Take it with plain water on an empty stomach and stay upright for 30 minutes
为什么是这个答案
Alendronic acid must be taken with plain water before food, and the patient must stay upright to reduce oesophageal irritation. Food, milk and antacids reduce absorption.
答案
C · Take it with plain water on an empty stomach and stay upright for 30 minutes
4.临床护理
答案: A · Thyroid storm
为什么是这个答案
Thyroid storm is a life-threatening worsening of hyperthyroidism, often triggered by infection or surgery. It needs urgent treatment with cooling, beta-blockade and antithyroid drugs.
QT 与 QTc:QT 间期从 QRS 波群起点到 T 波终点。它随心率加快而缩短,因此要用以秒为单位的 R–R 间期按心率校正:Bazett QTc = QT/√RR,Fridericia QTc = QT/∛RR。多数教科书使用 Bazett 公式;它在心率快时校正过度,此时宜用 Fridericia。各参考标准的界限不同:QTc 男性高于约 0.45 s、女性高于约 0.46 s 通常称为延长,高于 0.50 s 称为明显延长。
测量
QT = 10.5 × 0.04 = 0.42 s
RR = 16 × 0.04 = 0.64 s
Fridericia 公式
QTc = 0.42/∛0.64 = 0.42/0.8618 = 0.487 s
答案
QTc = 0.487 s
超过男性(约 0.45 s)和女性(约 0.46 s)的通常上限:延长。(487 ms)
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 三度(完全性)房室传导阻滞
房室传导阻滞:逐个标出 P 波,检查哪些 P 波后面跟着 QRS。一度:每个 P 波都下传,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。二度 I 型(Mobitz I,文氏现象):PR 逐搏延长,直到一个 P 波未下传,然后周期重新开始(成组搏动)。二度 II 型(Mobitz II):下传搏动的 PR 保持恒定,P 波突然不下传;QRS 常增宽。三度(完全性)阻滞:P 波和 QRS 波群各自规则但互相独立,PR 随机变化,心房率快于逸搏率(交界性逸搏 40–60 次/分,QRS 窄;室性逸搏 20–40 次/分,QRS 宽)。2:1 阻滞仅凭一份条带无法判断是 I 型还是 II 型。
五个步骤
1. 心率:R–R = 26 个小格,1500 ÷ 26 ≈ 58 次/分。
2. 节律:R–R 规则(1.04 s),P–P 规则(0.64 s),但二者互相独立。
3. P 波:直立且规则,为 94 次/分,但与 QRS 波群无关联;有些藏在 QRS 或 T 波中。
4. PR 间期:逐搏变化;没有固定关系。
5. QRS:0.08 s,狭窄(低于 0.12 s)。
解读
三度(完全性)房室传导阻滞
答案
三度(完全性)房室传导阻滞
II 型和三度阻滞可能突然进展,所以教科书将它们列为比 I 型更严重。
13.优先排序与委派
答案: D · Metabolic acidosis
为什么是这个答案
The pH is low (acidosis), the PaCO₂ is normal and the bicarbonate is low, so the cause is metabolic. Causes include diabetic ketoacidosis, sepsis and kidney failure.
A dressing that is wet, loose or dirty no longer protects the insertion site and is changed using aseptic technique. Otherwise, it is changed according to policy.
Excess cortisol raises glucose, causes central obesity, a round face and purple striae, and has some mineralocorticoid effect that lowers potassium. Adrenal insufficiency causes low glucose and high potassium.