II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
QTc = s
12.心电图节律条带解读困难
依次按五个步骤解读这条 II 导联心电图:心率、节律、P 波、PR 间期、QRS 时限。你在哪一步发现第一个异常?点击它。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1折旧率
2节律
3P 波
4PR 间期
5QRS 时限
13.优先排序与委派中等
An arterial blood gas shows pH 7.28, PaCO₂ 40 mmHg (5.3 kPa) and HCO₃⁻ 16 mEq/L (mmol/L). How should the nurse interpret it?
ARespiratory acidosis
BMetabolic acidosis
CRespiratory alkalosis
DMetabolic alkalosis
14.优先排序与委派困难
A child with sickle cell disease in a pain crisis develops chest pain, fever and an SpO₂ of 89%. What does this most likely mean?
AAn ordinary pain crisis that will improve with rest
BAnxiety that will settle with reassurance
CAcute chest syndrome, which needs urgent escalation and oxygen
DA minor chest infection that can safely wait until the morning round
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
A patient has fallen, and the nurse completes an incident report. Which statement about this report is correct?
AA copy of it is placed in the patient’s chart so all staff know about the fall
BIt is written factually and does not replace documenting the fall in the patient’s record
CIt replaces the need to document the fall in the patient’s record
DIt is only needed when the patient is injured
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
During flu season, a nurse wakes up with fever, cough and muscle aches. What is the best action?
AGo to work but avoid caring for patients who have weak immune systems
BGo to work but wear a surgical mask for the whole shift
CTake an antipyretic so the fever does not show at work
DStay home and inform the employer according to the illness policy
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
A patient with joint aches has a positive antinuclear antibody (ANA) test. Which statement is correct?
AA positive ANA proves the patient has rheumatoid arthritis
BA positive ANA rules out all other autoimmune diseases
CA positive ANA means the patient has a viral infection
DA positive ANA supports lupus but does not diagnose it alone
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
A patient in DKA is receiving IV fluids and insulin. The glucose has fallen to about 220 mg/dL (12.2 mmol/L), but the anion gap is still high. What change would the nurse expect?
AStop the IV fluids and start oral fluids only
BStop the insulin infusion because the glucose is near normal
CGive an IV bolus of sodium bicarbonate at once
DAdd dextrose to the IV fluids and continue the insulin
3溶液
1.护理学基础
答案: B · Give each medicine separately and flush with water between them
为什么是这个答案
Each drug is prepared and given separately, with water flushes before, between and after, to prevent tube blockage and drug interactions. A pharmacist advises on suitable forms.
答案
B · Give each medicine separately and flush with water between them
2.护理学基础
答案: D · Not use the tube and follow policy, which may mean a chest X-ray
为什么是这个答案
A low pH supports gastric placement (1–5.5 in UK guidance; 5 or below is typical in US guidance). A pH of 7 does not rule out the lungs, so nothing is put down the tube until position is confirmed, usually by X-ray. The "whoosh" air test is unreliable.
答案
D · Not use the tube and follow policy, which may mean a chest X-ray
3.临床护理
答案: D · 肝性脑病
为什么是这个答案
肝性脑病引起意识混乱和扑翼样震颤。常用乳果糖减少氨的吸收,并治疗感染或出血等诱因。
答案
D · 肝性脑病
4.临床护理
答案: C · The combination can cause a severe, dangerous fall in blood pressure
为什么是这个答案
PDE5 inhibitors such as sildenafil enhance the vasodilating effect of nitrates, which can cause profound hypotension. Patients should always be asked about these drugs before nitrates are given.
答案
C · The combination can cause a severe, dangerous fall in blood pressure
每条心电图的五个步骤:1. 心率(300 法或 1500 法;若不规则则用 6 秒法);2. 节律:R–R 间期是否相等;3. P 波:是否存在、在 II 导联直立、每个 QRS 之前各有一个且形态一致;4. PR 间期:0.12–0.20 s 且恒定;5. QRS 时限:低于 0.12 s。五个步骤做完之后才命名节律。正常窦性心律五项全部符合:60–100 次/分,规则,每个 QRS 之前有直立 P 波,PR 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 低于 0.12 s。
五个步骤
1. 心率:R–R = 23 个小格,1500 ÷ 23 ≈ 65 次/分。
2. 节律:规则,每个 R–R 均为 0.92 s。
3. P 波:看不到。
4. PR 间期:无法测量。
5. QRS:0.06 s,狭窄(低于 0.12 s)。
第一个异常的步骤
P 波 → 加速性交界性心律
答案
P 波
13.优先排序与委派
答案: B · Metabolic acidosis
为什么是这个答案
The pH is low (acidosis), the PaCO₂ is normal and the bicarbonate is low, so the cause is metabolic. Causes include diabetic ketoacidosis, sepsis and kidney failure.
答案
B · Metabolic acidosis
14.优先排序与委派
答案: C · Acute chest syndrome, which needs urgent escalation and oxygen
为什么是这个答案
Chest pain, fever and low oxygen in sickle cell disease suggest acute chest syndrome. It can worsen quickly, so oxygen, urgent review and prescribed treatment are needed.
答案
C · Acute chest syndrome, which needs urgent escalation and oxygen
15.感染控制与患者安全
答案: B · It is written factually and does not replace documenting the fall in the patient’s record
为什么是这个答案
The nurse documents the facts of the fall, the assessment and the care given in the patient’s record. The incident report is a separate quality-improvement document and is not filed in the chart. Policies differ on whether the record notes that a report was made: many US facilities advise against it, while many UK services record the report reference. Falls are reported whether or not there is an injury.
答案
B · It is written factually and does not replace documenting the fall in the patient’s record
16.感染控制与患者安全
答案: D · Stay home and inform the employer according to the illness policy
为什么是这个答案
Health care workers with signs of influenza should not work, because they can infect patients and colleagues. They follow the employer’s policy on when they may return.
答案
D · Stay home and inform the employer according to the illness policy
17.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: D · A positive ANA supports lupus but does not diagnose it alone
为什么是这个答案
Almost all patients with SLE have a positive ANA, so a negative test makes lupus unlikely. However, many healthy people and patients with other conditions also have a positive ANA, so diagnosis needs the clinical picture and more specific antibodies such as anti-dsDNA.
答案
D · A positive ANA supports lupus but does not diagnose it alone
18.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: D · Add dextrose to the IV fluids and continue the insulin
为什么是这个答案
The glucose usually falls before the ketoacidosis resolves. Dextrose is added so insulin can continue, clearing ketones without causing hypoglycemia, until the anion gap closes. Stopping insulin too early lets ketoacidosis return.
答案
D · Add dextrose to the IV fluids and continue the insulin