答案: D · The output is liquid and contains a lot of water and salt
为什么是这个答案
The colon normally reabsorbs water and salt. An ileostomy bypasses it, so high output can quickly cause dehydration and low sodium; output is monitored and fluids encouraged.
答案
D · The output is liquid and contains a lot of water and salt
2.护理学基础
答案: C · 评估患者情况,告知开具医嘱者,并通过不良事件系统上报
为什么是这个答案
评估并监测患者,告知负责的临床医生,上报事件,并对患者坦诚。绝不能为掩盖差错而修改记录。
答案
C · 评估患者情况,告知开具医嘱者,并通过不良事件系统上报
3.临床护理
答案: A · Breathing function, such as forced vital capacity
为什么是这个答案
Guillain–Barré syndrome can paralyse the respiratory muscles. Serial vital capacity measurements help identify patients who need ventilation before they deteriorate.
答案
A · Breathing function, such as forced vital capacity
4.临床护理
答案: D · To prevent accidental intravenous administration
为什么是这个答案
Giving an oral or enteral medicine intravenously can be fatal. Enteral syringes with non-IV connectors, such as ENFit, make this wrong-route error much less likely.
答案
D · To prevent accidental intravenous administration
QT 与 QTc:QT 间期从 QRS 波群起点到 T 波终点。它随心率加快而缩短,因此要用以秒为单位的 R–R 间期按心率校正:Bazett QTc = QT/√RR,Fridericia QTc = QT/∛RR。多数教科书使用 Bazett 公式;它在心率快时校正过度,此时宜用 Fridericia。各参考标准的界限不同:QTc 男性高于约 0.45 s、女性高于约 0.46 s 通常称为延长,高于 0.50 s 称为明显延长。
测量
QT = 10.5 × 0.04 = 0.42 s
RR = 18 × 0.04 = 0.72 s
Bazett 公式
QTc = 0.42/√0.72 = 0.42/0.8485 = 0.495 s
答案
QTc = 0.495 s
超过男性(约 0.45 s)和女性(约 0.46 s)的通常上限:延长。(495 ms)
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 节律
每条心电图的五个步骤:1. 心率(300 法或 1500 法;若不规则则用 6 秒法);2. 节律:R–R 间期是否相等;3. P 波:是否存在、在 II 导联直立、每个 QRS 之前各有一个且形态一致;4. PR 间期:0.12–0.20 s 且恒定;5. QRS 时限:低于 0.12 s。五个步骤做完之后才命名节律。正常窦性心律五项全部符合:60–100 次/分,规则,每个 QRS 之前有直立 P 波,PR 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 低于 0.12 s。
五个步骤
1. 心率:6 秒内有 7 个 QRS 波群,× 10 = 70 次/分。
2. 节律:不规则,R–R 在 0.72 至 1.00 s 之间,逐渐变长和变短。
3. P 波:直立,每个 QRS 之前各有一个,形态一致。
4. PR 间期:0.16 s,恒定,在 0.12–0.20 s 范围内。
5. QRS:0.08 s,狭窄(低于 0.12 s)。
第一个异常的步骤
节律 → 窦性心律不齐
答案
节律
13.优先排序与委派
答案: A · 说护士会来回答,并告诉护士
为什么是这个答案
关于药物的患者教育是护理职责。助理把问题转交给护士,这样患者可以获得符合其情况的准确信息。
答案
A · 说护士会来回答,并告诉护士
14.优先排序与委派
答案: B · Sweating
为什么是这个答案
Beta-blockers can hide tachycardia, palpitations and tremor during hypoglycemia. Sweating is mainly cholinergic, so it usually remains, and patients are taught to check glucose when they sweat.
答案
B · Sweating
15.感染控制与患者安全
答案: C · A large toy with no small parts that can come off
为什么是这个答案
Small parts, marbles, magnets and uninflated or broken balloons are choking hazards for young children. Toys should be large, sturdy and suited to the child’s age.
答案
C · A large toy with no small parts that can come off
16.感染控制与患者安全
答案: A · A combined approach with education, hand rub at every bedside, regular audits and feedback
为什么是这个答案
Multimodal strategies, such as easy access to hand rub at the point of care, training, reminders, audits with feedback and leadership support, improve hand hygiene more than single actions.
答案
A · A combined approach with education, hand rub at every bedside, regular audits and feedback
17.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: D · Blood glucose
为什么是这个答案
PN contains concentrated dextrose, so hyperglycemia is common, especially at the start; glucose is checked frequently and insulin may be needed. Electrolytes, including phosphate, magnesium and potassium, are also monitored for refeeding syndrome.
In sepsis, falling platelets (coagulation), a rising creatinine (kidney) and a raised bilirubin (liver) show organ dysfunction, which indicates severe disease. The other sets are normal or near normal.
答案
D · Platelets 70 × 10³/µL, creatinine doubled, bilirubin raised