II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1窦性心动过速
2正常窦性心律
3交界性心律
4一度房室传导阻滞
12.心电图节律条带解读困难
识别这条 II 导联心电图上的节律。点击你的答案。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1心脏停搏
2交界性心律
3三度(完全性)房室传导阻滞
4心室颤动
13.优先排序与委派中等
A patient is admitted with diabetic ketoacidosis. Which prescribed treatment is usually started first?
AIV isotonic fluid such as 0.9% sodium chloride
BA high-carbohydrate meal
COral potassium tablets
DSubcutaneous long-acting insulin only, given once
14.优先排序与委派困难
A patient is admitted with suspected meningococcal meningitis. Which precautions are needed until treatment has been given for long enough?
AAirborne precautions
BDroplet precautions
CStandard precautions only
DContact precautions only
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
Where should the dispersive (grounding) pad for electrosurgery be placed?
AOn clean, dry skin over a well-perfused muscle, close to the surgical site
BOver an area with scar tissue or a tattoo, so that the pad does not slip
COn skin that is wet with antiseptic prep
DOver a bony prominence such as the hip bone
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
During a disaster, the hospital needs to free beds quickly. Which patient is the best candidate for early discharge?
AA patient on an IV heparin infusion that is still being adjusted
BA patient admitted overnight for observation who is now stable with normal tests
CA patient on a ventilator in the intensive care unit who is slowly improving
DA patient with ongoing chest pain awaiting cardiac tests
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
A patient with a low clinical probability of deep vein thrombosis has a normal (negative) D-dimer. What is the best interpretation?
AA pulmonary embolism is now certain to be present
BA DVT is unlikely and can usually be ruled out
CA DVT is confirmed and anticoagulation is needed
DThe test is useless and should always be ignored
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
A patient with advanced chronic kidney disease has a mildly raised troponin that has stayed the same on several tests over months. There is no chest pain and the ECG is unchanged. What is the best interpretation?
AA laboratory error, because troponin is never raised in kidney disease
BA chronic stable rise; infarction needs a rising or falling pattern
CProof of an acute myocardial infarction that needs emergency treatment now
DA sign of skeletal muscle injury, because troponin comes from all muscles
3溶液
1.护理学基础
答案: A · It seals the drug in the muscle and stops it leaking into the tissue above
为什么是这个答案
Pulling the skin sideways before injecting and releasing it afterwards makes a zigzag track that closes over the needle path, preventing leakage and skin staining.
答案
A · It seals the drug in the muscle and stops it leaking into the tissue above
2.护理学基础
答案: A · Write it down, read it back and make sure it is signed later as per policy
为什么是这个答案
Verbal orders are used only where local policy allows, such as emergencies. Reading back the drug, dose and route confirms the order, and it is documented and signed as soon as possible.
答案
A · Write it down, read it back and make sure it is signed later as per policy
3.临床护理
答案: D · Pregnant women and immunocompromised people who have not had chickenpox
为什么是这个答案
Someone who has never had chickenpox can catch chickenpox from contact with shingles blisters. Non-immune pregnant and immunocompromised people are at particular risk, so lesions are covered and precautions followed.
答案
D · Pregnant women and immunocompromised people who have not had chickenpox
4.临床护理
答案: D · With an observational pain tool that scores facial expression, behaviour and body language
为什么是这个答案
Observational tools such as PAINAD or the Abbey Pain Scale help assess pain in people who cannot self-report. Family and carers can describe changes in usual behaviour.
答案
D · With an observational pain tool that scores facial expression, behaviour and body language
节律标准(II 导联):窦性心律每个 QRS 之前都有直立的 P 波,PR 恒定为 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 狭窄:60–100 次/分为正常窦性心律,低于 60 为窦性心动过缓,高于 100 为窦性心动过速。心房颤动:无 P 波,基线呈颤动,R–R 绝对不规则。心房扑动:约 250–350 次/分的锯齿状扑动波,伴固定的传导比例,如 2:1 或 4:1。一度房室传导阻滞:窦性心律,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。交界性心律:窄 QRS,40–60 次/分,P 波缺失或倒置(PR 低于 0.12 s,或 P 波在 QRS 之后)。室性早搏(PVC)是提前出现的宽大(0.12 s 或以上)、形态怪异的 QRS,没有 P 波,T 波方向相反,通常有完全性代偿间歇;二联律是指每隔一个搏动就有一个室性早搏。
五个步骤
1. 心率:R–R = 22 个小格,1500 ÷ 22 ≈ 68 次/分。
2. 节律:规则,每个 R–R 均为 0.88 s。
3. P 波:直立,每个 QRS 之前各有一个,形态一致。
4. PR 间期:0.34 s,恒定,长于 0.20 s。
5. QRS:0.08 s,狭窄(低于 0.12 s)。
解读
一度房室传导阻滞
答案
一度房室传导阻滞
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 心脏停搏
室性节律:室性心动过速是连续三个或以上宽大(0.12 s 或以上)的波群,频率超过 100 次/分,通常为 150–250 次/分,节律规则,没有相关的 P 波。心室颤动是紊乱、不规则的波形,无法辨认 P 波、QRS 波群或 T 波,也没有可计数的频率。心脏停搏是几乎平直的线,没有心室活动;平直线一定要通过检查患者、导联和增益并换一个导联来确认。在复苏指南中,室颤和无脉性室速是可电击心律,心脏停搏则不是。
答案: A · IV isotonic fluid such as 0.9% sodium chloride
为什么是这个答案
Patients with DKA are severely dehydrated, so IV isotonic fluid is started first. IV insulin follows, with close monitoring of potassium, which can fall quickly.
答案
A · IV isotonic fluid such as 0.9% sodium chloride
14.优先排序与委派
答案: B · Droplet precautions
为什么是这个答案
Neisseria meningitidis spreads by respiratory droplets, so a surgical mask is worn within close range. Droplet precautions continue until the patient has received effective antibiotics for about 24 hours.
答案
B · Droplet precautions
15.感染控制与患者安全
答案: A · On clean, dry skin over a well-perfused muscle, close to the surgical site
为什么是这个答案
The pad returns the current safely. Good contact over a well-perfused muscle prevents burns, while bony areas, scars, hair and moisture reduce contact and can cause burns at the pad site.
答案
A · On clean, dry skin over a well-perfused muscle, close to the surgical site
16.感染控制与患者安全
答案: B · A patient admitted overnight for observation who is now stable with normal tests
为什么是这个答案
In a surge, stable patients who could be safely cared for at home are discharged first. Patients who are unstable or need close monitoring or titrated infusions must stay.
答案
B · A patient admitted overnight for observation who is now stable with normal tests
17.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: B · A DVT is unlikely and can usually be ruled out
为什么是这个答案
D-dimer is very sensitive, so a negative result in a patient with low clinical probability makes DVT or PE unlikely. A positive result is not specific, because surgery, infection, pregnancy and cancer also raise D-dimer; imaging is then needed.
答案
B · A DVT is unlikely and can usually be ruled out
18.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: B · A chronic stable rise; infarction needs a rising or falling pattern
为什么是这个答案
Troponin is often chronically raised in CKD and other conditions. Acute infarction is diagnosed by a rise and/or fall in troponin together with symptoms or ECG changes, so serial results are compared with the patient's baseline.
答案
B · A chronic stable rise; infarction needs a rising or falling pattern