Which of these is one of the five rights of delegation?
AThe right supervision
BThe right uniform
CThe right time of year
DThe right salary
2.护理学基础困难
一名糖尿病患者被发现无反应,血糖极低且不能吞咽。正确的做法是什么?
A给予患者平常剂量的胰岛素
B把含糖果汁倒进患者嘴里
C呼救,并按规程经其他途径给予葡萄糖,如静脉葡萄糖或肌注胰高血糖素
D等患者醒来后再给食物
3.临床护理中等
What should a patient be told before using sublingual glyceryl trinitrate (GTN, nitroglycerin) spray for angina?
ATake it with a large glass of milk to protect the stomach lining
BSwallow the spray rather than leaving it under the tongue
CSit down before using it, as it can cause dizziness and low blood pressure
DUse it only after the pain has lasted over an hour, with the patient lying flat
4.临床护理困难
A patient with a central venous catheter develops fever and rigors shortly after the line is flushed, with no other obvious source. What should be suspected?
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
QTc = s
12.心电图节律条带解读困难
依次按五个步骤解读这条 II 导联心电图:心率、节律、P 波、PR 间期、QRS 时限。你在哪一步发现第一个异常?点击它。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1折旧率
2节律
3P 波
4PR 间期
5QRS 时限
13.优先排序与委派中等
Which action by a nursing assistant needs the nurse to step in?
ATaking an oral temperature just after the patient drank cold water
BLowering the bed to its lowest position and locking the wheels after care
CCleaning hands before entering the room
DPutting the call light within the patient’s reach
14.优先排序与委派困难
哪项任务最适合 RN 亲自完成,而不是委派给护理助理?
A协助患者进行口腔护理
B每天早晨为心力衰竭患者称体重
C手术后第三天带稳定的患者在走廊里散步
D手术后第一次扶患者下床
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
A parent calls because a toddler has swallowed some household cleaner. The child is awake and breathing normally. What should the nurse advise first?
AWait to see whether any symptoms develop over the next day
BMake the child vomit, using a finger at the back of the throat
CContact the local poison advice service now for specific advice
DGive syrup of ipecac from the medicine cabinet
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
Why can a patient with severe neutropenia have a serious infection but little redness, swelling or pus?
ANeutropenia makes infections stay limited to the skin
BAntibiotics given with chemotherapy hide all signs of infection
CThere are too few neutrophils to produce the usual inflammatory signs
DChemotherapy kills the bacteria before they can multiply
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
A patient with schizophrenia is starting clozapine. Which laboratory value must be monitored regularly?
ASerum amylase
BAbsolute neutrophil count
CInternational normalized ratio
DSerum lithium level
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
A patient stopped long-term prednisone suddenly a week ago. Now: blood pressure 78/46 mm Hg, sodium 126 mEq/L, potassium 5.8 mEq/L, glucose 58 mg/dL (3.2 mmol/L). Which condition is most likely?
APrimary hyperaldosteronism (Conn syndrome)
BAcute adrenal insufficiency (adrenal crisis)
CCushing syndrome from steroid excess
DSyndrome of inappropriate ADH (SIADH)
3溶液
1.护理学基础
答案: A · The right supervision
为什么是这个答案
The five rights of delegation are the right task, circumstance, person, direction or communication, and supervision or evaluation. The registered nurse stays accountable for the decision to delegate.
答案: C · Sit down before using it, as it can cause dizziness and low blood pressure
为什么是这个答案
GTN causes vasodilation, which can lead to headache, flushing, dizziness and hypotension. Patients should sit, and seek emergency help if the pain does not settle after the advised doses.
答案
C · Sit down before using it, as it can cause dizziness and low blood pressure
4.临床护理
答案: C · A catheter-related bloodstream infection
为什么是这个答案
Rigors after flushing suggest bacteria colonising the catheter. Blood cultures are taken (often from the line and a peripheral vein) and the team decides whether to remove the line.
QT 与 QTc:QT 间期从 QRS 波群起点到 T 波终点。它随心率加快而缩短,因此要用以秒为单位的 R–R 间期按心率校正:Bazett QTc = QT/√RR,Fridericia QTc = QT/∛RR。多数教科书使用 Bazett 公式;它在心率快时校正过度,此时宜用 Fridericia。各参考标准的界限不同:QTc 男性高于约 0.45 s、女性高于约 0.46 s 通常称为延长,高于 0.50 s 称为明显延长。
测量
QT = 9.5 × 0.04 = 0.38 s
RR = 18 × 0.04 = 0.72 s
Fridericia 公式
QTc = 0.38/∛0.72 = 0.38/0.8963 = 0.424 s
答案
QTc = 0.424 s
在通常上限之内(男性约 0.45 s,女性约 0.46 s)。(424 ms)
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 折旧率
每条心电图的五个步骤:1. 心率(300 法或 1500 法;若不规则则用 6 秒法);2. 节律:R–R 间期是否相等;3. P 波:是否存在、在 II 导联直立、每个 QRS 之前各有一个且形态一致;4. PR 间期:0.12–0.20 s 且恒定;5. QRS 时限:低于 0.12 s。五个步骤做完之后才命名节律。正常窦性心律五项全部符合:60–100 次/分,规则,每个 QRS 之前有直立 P 波,PR 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 低于 0.12 s。
五个步骤
1. 心率:R–R = 13 个小格,1500 ÷ 13 ≈ 115 次/分。
2. 节律:规则,每个 R–R 均为 0.52 s。
3. P 波:直立,每个 QRS 之前各有一个,形态一致。
4. PR 间期:0.14 s,恒定,在 0.12–0.20 s 范围内。
5. QRS:0.06 s,狭窄(低于 0.12 s)。
第一个异常的步骤
折旧率 → 窦性心动过速
答案
折旧率
13.优先排序与委派
答案: A · Taking an oral temperature just after the patient drank cold water
为什么是这个答案
A cold drink lowers mouth temperature for a short time, so the reading will be falsely low. The nurse should ask the assistant to wait before measuring. The other actions are correct.
答案
A · Taking an oral temperature just after the patient drank cold water
答案: C · Contact the local poison advice service now for specific advice
为什么是这个答案
A poison advice service (poison control in the US, or NHS 111 in the UK) can give advice for the exact product. Inducing vomiting is not recommended, because corrosive products can burn the esophagus again and vomit can be aspirated. Emergency services are called if the child has trouble breathing or is drowsy.
答案
C · Contact the local poison advice service now for specific advice
16.感染控制与患者安全
答案: C · There are too few neutrophils to produce the usual inflammatory signs
为什么是这个答案
Classic signs of infection come from the inflammatory response, which depends on white blood cells. With very few neutrophils, fever may be the only early sign, so it must be taken seriously.
答案
C · There are too few neutrophils to produce the usual inflammatory signs
17.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: B · Absolute neutrophil count
为什么是这个答案
Clozapine can cause severe neutropenia (agranulocytosis), so the ANC is checked before starting and regularly during treatment. A sore throat, fever or other sign of infection must be reported at once.
答案
B · Absolute neutrophil count
18.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: B · Acute adrenal insufficiency (adrenal crisis)
为什么是这个答案
Long-term glucocorticoids suppress the adrenal glands; stopping them suddenly can cause adrenal crisis. Lack of cortisol and aldosterone causes hypotension, hyponatremia, hyperkalemia and hypoglycemia. Treatment is IV hydrocortisone and fluids as prescribed.