II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
QTc = s
12.心电图节律条带解读困难
识别这条 II 导联心电图上的节律。点击你的答案。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1室上性心动过速(SVT)
2尖端扭转型室性心动过速
3心房扑动,2:1 传导
4心室颤动
13.优先排序与委派中等
On a postpartum unit, which patient is the most appropriate to assign to an LPN/LVN?
ASevere pre-eclampsia on a magnesium sulfate infusion
BA new admission transferred from the labor ward with a fever of 38.6 °C
COne hour after birth with heavy bleeding and a boggy uterus
DDay 1 after an uncomplicated vaginal birth, stable vital signs
14.优先排序与委派困难
A patient is going home on a new oral anticoagulant. There is only a short time for teaching. Which topic is most important?
AWhich television programs help with relaxation
BHow to choose comfortable walking shoes
CHow to cook low-fat meals
DSigns of bleeding and when to seek help
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
Before a defibrillator shock is delivered, what must the person operating it do?
AAsk a colleague to hold the paddles in place
BHold the patient’s hand to keep them still
CKeep the oxygen mask on the patient’s face, held against the chest
DCall “all clear” and check that nobody is touching the patient or bed
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
A nurse teaches a patient with neutropenia about preventing infection at home. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A“I will check my temperature and call if I have a fever.”
B“I can clean the cat’s litter box if I wear a face mask.”
C“I will wash my hands often and ask visitors to do the same.”
D“I will avoid crowds and people who have colds.”
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
一名因房颤服用华法林的患者 INR 为 5.2,无出血。护士最好的措施是什么?
A建议患者从今天起不再吃绿叶蔬菜
B给予通常的剂量,一个月后复查
C暂停华法林剂量并通知开医嘱者
D给予双倍剂量
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
The nurse teaches a patient with chronic kidney disease about a potassium-restricted diet. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A"I'll check food labels and ask my dietitian about portion sizes"
B"I can leach potatoes by soaking them before cooking them"
C"Dried apricots and raisins will be a good snack for me now"
D"I'll limit bananas, oranges and potatoes in my meals"
3溶液
1.护理学基础
答案: A · The quality of the pain, such as sharp, dull or burning
为什么是这个答案
PQRST covers Provoking or palliating factors, Quality, Region and radiation, Severity and Timing. Describing the quality helps identify the cause of the pain.
答案
A · The quality of the pain, such as sharp, dull or burning
2.护理学基础
答案: D · Withhold it and contact the prescriber, as amoxicillin is a penicillin
为什么是这个答案
Amoxicillin is a penicillin and can cause the same allergic reaction, including anaphylaxis. The nurse withholds it and asks for an alternative.
答案
D · Withhold it and contact the prescriber, as amoxicillin is a penicillin
3.临床护理
答案: D · 硫酸鱼精蛋白
为什么是这个答案
鱼精蛋白与肝素结合并将其中和。维生素 K 用于华法林。
答案
D · 硫酸鱼精蛋白
4.临床护理
答案: B · Too-rapid correction can cause osmotic demyelination in the brain
为什么是这个答案
In chronic hyponatraemia brain cells adapt to the low tonicity. A rapid rise in sodium draws water out too fast and can cause osmotic demyelination, so the correction rate is limited and sodium is checked often.
答案
B · Too-rapid correction can cause osmotic demyelination in the brain
QT 与 QTc:QT 间期从 QRS 波群起点到 T 波终点。它随心率加快而缩短,因此要用以秒为单位的 R–R 间期按心率校正:Bazett QTc = QT/√RR,Fridericia QTc = QT/∛RR。多数教科书使用 Bazett 公式;它在心率快时校正过度,此时宜用 Fridericia。各参考标准的界限不同:QTc 男性高于约 0.45 s、女性高于约 0.46 s 通常称为延长,高于 0.50 s 称为明显延长。
测量
QT = 11.5 × 0.04 = 0.46 s
RR = 23 × 0.04 = 0.92 s
Bazett 公式
QTc = 0.46/√0.92 = 0.46/0.9592 = 0.48 s
答案
QTc = 0.48 s
超过男性(约 0.45 s)和女性(约 0.46 s)的通常上限:延长。(480 ms)
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 尖端扭转型室性心动过速
更多室性心律:尖端扭转型室性心动过速是一种多形性室性心动过速,通常为 150–250 次/分钟,其增宽的波群高度不断变化并围绕基线扭转,先向上几个心搏,再向下。教科书将其与 QT 间期延长联系起来,复苏指南中针对它推荐的药物是硫酸镁。室性自搏心律是一种心室逸搏心律:规则、QRS 增宽(0.12 s 或以上)、无 P 波,频率 20–40 次/分钟(加速性室性自搏心律为 40–100 次/分钟)。单形性室速的增宽波群完全相同,频率超过 100 次/分钟。室颤则是混乱的,没有任何重复的波群。
五个步骤
1. 心率:非常快,各波群相隔约 6 个小格(约 250 次/分钟)。
2. 节律:快且大致规则,但波群的高度和方向呈重复的纺锤形变化。
3. P 波:无法辨认。
4. PR 间期:无法测量。
5. QRS:增宽且多形性;波群围绕基线扭转,先向上几个心搏,再向下。
解读
尖端扭转型室性心动过速
答案
尖端扭转型室性心动过速
尖端扭转型室性心动过速是与 QT 间期延长相关的多形性 VT。这里只是识别练习。
13.优先排序与委派
答案: D · Day 1 after an uncomplicated vaginal birth, stable vital signs
为什么是这个答案
A stable patient after an uncomplicated birth fits the LPN/LVN role. Heavy bleeding, magnesium infusions and new admissions with fever need RN assessment.
答案
D · Day 1 after an uncomplicated vaginal birth, stable vital signs
14.优先排序与委派
答案: D · Signs of bleeding and when to seek help
为什么是这个答案
The main risk of anticoagulants is bleeding, so the patient must know the signs, such as black stools or blood in the urine, and when to seek help. Other topics can follow later.
答案
D · Signs of bleeding and when to seek help
15.感染控制与患者安全
答案: D · Call “all clear” and check that nobody is touching the patient or bed
为什么是这个答案
Anyone touching the patient or bed could receive the shock. The operator announces “clear” and looks to confirm that nobody is in contact, and oxygen is moved away from the chest.
答案
D · Call “all clear” and check that nobody is touching the patient or bed
16.感染控制与患者安全
答案: B · “I can clean the cat’s litter box if I wear a face mask.”
为什么是这个答案
Immunocompromised patients should avoid cleaning litter boxes and other animal waste, because of organisms such as Toxoplasma. Another person should do it. The other statements are correct.
答案
B · “I can clean the cat’s litter box if I wear a face mask.”
答案: C · "Dried apricots and raisins will be a good snack for me now"
为什么是这个答案
Dried fruits such as apricots and raisins are very high in potassium and should be limited in kidney disease with hyperkalemia. Limiting high-potassium foods, leaching vegetables and reading labels are correct strategies.核对依据:Potassium in diet · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026); Spironolactone · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2018)
答案
C · "Dried apricots and raisins will be a good snack for me now"