II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
QTc = s
12.心电图节律条带解读困难
这位患者装有起搏器。请解读这条 II 导联心电图条带。点击你的答案。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1三度(完全性)房室传导阻滞
2起搏心律,夺获失败
3双腔(房室)起搏心律
4室性自搏心律
13.优先排序与委派中等
A patient receives hemodialysis this morning. Which type of medication is often held before dialysis, as prescribed?
ATopical skin creams
BEye drops for glaucoma
CInhaled bronchodilators
DAntihypertensive drugs
14.优先排序与委派困难
On a cardiac step-down unit, which patient should the nurse assess first?
ASix hours after a coronary stent, new chest pain with ST elevation on the monitor
BAtrial fibrillation on warfarin with an INR of 2.6 this morning
CDay 2 after a pacemaker insertion, asking when the wound dressing will be changed
DHeart failure, weight up 0.5 kg since yesterday, no breathlessness at rest
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
When should the transparent dressing over a peripheral IV site be changed?
AEvery hour, so the site can be cleaned again
BOnly when the patient asks for a new dressing
COnly when the IV catheter is removed, whatever its state
DWhen it is damp, loose or visibly soiled
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
A visitor becomes very agitated and starts shouting at the nurse in a patient’s room. What should the nurse do first?
AKeep a safe distance and a clear exit, speak calmly and call security if needed
BRaise the voice to show who is in charge
CTouch the visitor’s arm to help them calm down
DTurn away from the visitor and continue with the patient’s care as normal
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
Why is a blood β-hydroxybutyrate level often preferred to a urine ketone dipstick in DKA?
AThe urine dipstick only detects ketones in people without diabetes
BIt measures the main ketone in DKA, and the dipstick may miss it
CIt is the only test that can measure glucose and ketones together
DIt shows the average ketone level over the past three months
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
A patient on high-dose dexamethasone has a white cell count of 15 × 10³/µL, mostly mature neutrophils with no bands. They have no fever and no signs of infection. What is the most likely explanation?
ACertain sepsis that needs antibiotics started without delay
BA laboratory error, because steroids always lower the white count
CA steroid effect that moves neutrophils into the circulating blood
DA new leukemia that is confirmed by this result alone
3溶液
1.护理学基础
答案: A · The quality of the pain, such as sharp, dull or burning
为什么是这个答案
PQRST covers Provoking or palliating factors, Quality, Region and radiation, Severity and Timing. Describing the quality helps identify the cause of the pain.
答案
A · The quality of the pain, such as sharp, dull or burning
2.护理学基础
答案: A · The clamps, the tubing for kinks and the cannula site
为什么是这个答案
An occlusion alarm means the flow is blocked, for example by a closed clamp, kinked tubing, a bent arm or a blocked cannula. The nurse checks from the bag to the patient.
答案
A · The clamps, the tubing for kinks and the cannula site
3.临床护理
答案: C · Magnesium
为什么是这个答案
Hypomagnesaemia increases renal potassium loss and makes hypokalaemia hard to correct. Magnesium must be replaced as well.
答案
C · Magnesium
4.临床护理
答案: A · Medicines reconciliation against reliable sources, such as primary care records
为什么是这个答案
Medicines reconciliation compares several sources to produce an accurate medication list. It finds omissions, duplications and errors, and is especially important in older people with polypharmacy.
答案
A · Medicines reconciliation against reliable sources, such as primary care records
QT 与 QTc:QT 间期从 QRS 波群起点到 T 波终点。它随心率加快而缩短,因此要用以秒为单位的 R–R 间期按心率校正:Bazett QTc = QT/√RR,Fridericia QTc = QT/∛RR。多数教科书使用 Bazett 公式;它在心率快时校正过度,此时宜用 Fridericia。各参考标准的界限不同:QTc 男性高于约 0.45 s、女性高于约 0.46 s 通常称为延长,高于 0.50 s 称为明显延长。
测量
QT = 12 × 0.04 = 0.48 s
RR = 25 × 0.04 = 1.00 s
Bazett 公式
QTc = 0.48/√1.00 = 0.48/1 = 0.48 s
答案
QTc = 0.48 s
超过男性(约 0.45 s)和女性(约 0.46 s)的通常上限:延长。(480 ms)
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 起搏心律,夺获失败
起搏心律:起搏器脉冲表现为一条细而垂直的起搏钉样信号。心室钉样信号之后的 QRS 是增宽的(0.12 s 或以上),因为冲动是从导线经心肌传播,而不是经传导系统;右心室起搏时,在 II 导联上通常以负向为主。P 波之前的钉样信号表示心房起搏;双腔(房室)起搏器则表现为心房钉样信号加 P 波,再经过程控的房室延迟,出现心室钉样信号和增宽的 QRS。夺获是指每个钉样信号之后都跟着一次除极。夺获失败是指钉样信号之后没有 P 波或 QRS;感知不良(钉样信号无视患者自己的心搏)和起搏不良(该出现钉样信号时没有)是另外两种典型的故障。
Removing fluid during dialysis can cause hypotension, so blood pressure drugs are often held before treatment as prescribed. Some drugs are also removed by dialysis and given afterwards.
答案
D · Antihypertensive drugs
14.优先排序与委派
答案: A · Six hours after a coronary stent, new chest pain with ST elevation on the monitor
为什么是这个答案
New chest pain with ST elevation after a stent suggests the stent may have blocked, causing an acute myocardial infarction. This is an emergency; the other findings are within target or routine.
答案
A · Six hours after a coronary stent, new chest pain with ST elevation on the monitor
15.感染控制与患者安全
答案: D · When it is damp, loose or visibly soiled
为什么是这个答案
A dressing that is wet, loose or dirty no longer protects the insertion site and is changed using aseptic technique. Otherwise, it is changed according to policy.
答案
D · When it is damp, loose or visibly soiled
16.感染控制与患者安全
答案: A · Keep a safe distance and a clear exit, speak calmly and call security if needed
为什么是这个答案
In a potentially violent situation, the nurse keeps a safe distance and a clear path to the door, uses calm, simple words and gets help early. Touching or arguing with an agitated person can make things worse.
答案
A · Keep a safe distance and a clear exit, speak calmly and call security if needed
17.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: B · It measures the main ketone in DKA, and the dipstick may miss it
为什么是这个答案
In DKA, β-hydroxybutyrate is the main ketone, but most urine dipsticks detect acetoacetate, so they can underestimate ketosis. Blood β-hydroxybutyrate gives a current value that is also useful to monitor recovery.核对依据:Diabetic ketoacidosis - Medical Encyclopedia · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答案
B · It measures the main ketone in DKA, and the dipstick may miss it
18.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: C · A steroid effect that moves neutrophils into the circulating blood
为什么是这个答案
Corticosteroids raise the neutrophil count by releasing marginated neutrophils and slowing their exit from the blood, usually without a left shift. The nurse still assesses carefully, because steroids can also hide the usual signs of infection.
答案
C · A steroid effect that moves neutrophils into the circulating blood