II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1一度房室传导阻滞
2窦性心动过缓
3交界性心律
4正常窦性心律
12.心电图节律条带解读困难
识别这条 II 导联心电图上的节律。点击你的答案。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1心房扑动,2:1 传导
2室性自搏心律
3室上性心动过速(SVT)
4尖端扭转型室性心动过速
13.优先排序与委派中等
During a blood transfusion, a patient develops chills, back pain and a fever. What is the nurse’s first action?
AStop the transfusion and keep the IV open with normal saline via new tubing
BSlow the transfusion and recheck in an hour
CFinish the unit quickly through a pressure bag so that the reaction does not last long
DGive an antipyretic and continue the transfusion
14.优先排序与委派困难
A patient with major depression has been withdrawn for weeks but is suddenly calm and cheerful and gives away her belongings. What should the nurse suspect?
AThat she is getting ready for discharge as planned
BA raised risk of suicide, because she may have made a decision
CA full recovery, so observation can be reduced
DA side effect of her antidepressant medicine that needs no special action
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
A woman who is pregnant asks for the MMR vaccine because she is not immune to rubella. What is correct?
AMMR should be given as soon as possible in the first trimester to protect the baby
BMMR is safe at any stage of pregnancy
CMMR is only given to pregnant women who work in hospitals
DMMR is a live vaccine and is not given during pregnancy, but can be given after delivery
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
A woman in late pregnancy is choking and cannot speak or cough. Which technique should the rescuer use?
AChest thrusts
BAbdominal thrusts
CBlind finger sweeps
DBack blows only
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
A trauma patient receives 2 L of IV crystalloid. The hemoglobin falls from 13.0 to 11.4 g/dL (130 to 114 g/L), and the vital signs are now stable. Which explanation is most likely?
AIncreased red cell production
BA laboratory error in the first sample
CDilution of the blood by the IV fluid
DA sudden failure of the bone marrow
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
Three days after starting haloperidol, a patient has a temperature of 40 °C, severe muscle rigidity and confusion. Which laboratory result would the nurse expect?
AA very low white cell count
BA very low serum sodium
CA very high serum lithium
DA very high creatine kinase (CK)
3溶液
1.护理学基础
答案: B · Explore the reason for refusing
为什么是这个答案
Patients with capacity may refuse medicines. The nurse explores why, for example side effects or misunderstanding, gives information, documents the refusal and informs the prescriber if needed.
Neutropenic sepsis is defined by a neutrophil count of 0.5 × 109/L or lower with fever or other signs of sepsis. It needs empirical antibiotics within one hour.
节律标准(II 导联):窦性心律每个 QRS 之前都有直立的 P 波,PR 恒定为 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 狭窄:60–100 次/分为正常窦性心律,低于 60 为窦性心动过缓,高于 100 为窦性心动过速。心房颤动:无 P 波,基线呈颤动,R–R 绝对不规则。心房扑动:约 250–350 次/分的锯齿状扑动波,伴固定的传导比例,如 2:1 或 4:1。一度房室传导阻滞:窦性心律,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。交界性心律:窄 QRS,40–60 次/分,P 波缺失或倒置(PR 低于 0.12 s,或 P 波在 QRS 之后)。室性早搏(PVC)是提前出现的宽大(0.12 s 或以上)、形态怪异的 QRS,没有 P 波,T 波方向相反,通常有完全性代偿间歇;二联律是指每隔一个搏动就有一个室性早搏。
五个步骤
1. 心率:R–R = 19 个小格,1500 ÷ 19 ≈ 79 次/分。
2. 节律:规则,每个 R–R 均为 0.76 s。
3. P 波:直立,每个 QRS 之前各有一个,形态一致。
4. PR 间期:0.12 s,恒定,在 0.12–0.20 s 范围内。
5. QRS:0.08 s,狭窄(低于 0.12 s)。
解读
正常窦性心律
答案
正常窦性心律
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 尖端扭转型室性心动过速
更多室性心律:尖端扭转型室性心动过速是一种多形性室性心动过速,通常为 150–250 次/分钟,其增宽的波群高度不断变化并围绕基线扭转,先向上几个心搏,再向下。教科书将其与 QT 间期延长联系起来,复苏指南中针对它推荐的药物是硫酸镁。室性自搏心律是一种心室逸搏心律:规则、QRS 增宽(0.12 s 或以上)、无 P 波,频率 20–40 次/分钟(加速性室性自搏心律为 40–100 次/分钟)。单形性室速的增宽波群完全相同,频率超过 100 次/分钟。室颤则是混乱的,没有任何重复的波群。
五个步骤
1. 心率:非常快,各波群相隔约 6 个小格(约 250 次/分钟)。
2. 节律:快且大致规则,但波群的高度和方向呈重复的纺锤形变化。
3. P 波:无法辨认。
4. PR 间期:无法测量。
5. QRS:增宽且多形性;波群围绕基线扭转,先向上几个心搏,再向下。
解读
尖端扭转型室性心动过速
答案
尖端扭转型室性心动过速
尖端扭转型室性心动过速是与 QT 间期延长相关的多形性 VT。这里只是识别练习。
13.优先排序与委派
答案: A · Stop the transfusion and keep the IV open with normal saline via new tubing
为什么是这个答案
For any suspected transfusion reaction, the nurse stops the transfusion at once, keeps the vein open with normal saline through new tubing and informs the provider and blood bank.
答案
A · Stop the transfusion and keep the IV open with normal saline via new tubing
14.优先排序与委派
答案: B · A raised risk of suicide, because she may have made a decision
为什么是这个答案
A sudden lift in mood with giving away belongings can mean the patient has decided to end her life. The nurse asks directly about suicidal thoughts and keeps her safe.
答案
B · A raised risk of suicide, because she may have made a decision
15.感染控制与患者安全
答案: D · MMR is a live vaccine and is not given during pregnancy, but can be given after delivery
为什么是这个答案
Live vaccines such as MMR and varicella are not given during pregnancy. A non-immune woman is vaccinated after delivery, and pregnancy is avoided for a period after vaccination.
答案
D · MMR is a live vaccine and is not given during pregnancy, but can be given after delivery
16.感染控制与患者安全
答案: A · Chest thrusts
为什么是这个答案
For people in late pregnancy or who are very obese, chest thrusts replace abdominal thrusts because the rescuer cannot get around the abdomen effectively. Blind finger sweeps can push the object deeper.
答案
A · Chest thrusts
17.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: C · Dilution of the blood by the IV fluid
为什么是这个答案
IV fluids dilute the blood, so the hemoglobin falls even without further bleeding. Ongoing bleeding must still be considered, so vital signs, wounds and repeat hemoglobin values are monitored.
答案
C · Dilution of the blood by the IV fluid
18.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: D · A very high creatine kinase (CK)
为什么是这个答案
These signs suggest neuroleptic malignant syndrome, a medical emergency. Muscle rigidity releases CK, often to very high levels, and the white count is often raised. Myoglobin can damage the kidneys. The antipsychotic is stopped and supportive care is started.