II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
QTc = s
12.心电图节律条带解读困难
识别这条 II 导联心电图上的节律。点击你的答案。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1心房颤动
2心室颤动
3心脏停搏
4室性心动过速
13.优先排序与委派中等
一名护理助理汇报了四位患者的情况。哪项汇报需要护士首先关注?
A一名 COPD 患者静息时 SpO₂ 为 90%,与其平时的数值相符
B一名腹部手术后一天的患者新出现烦躁不安,心率 124 次/分
C一名患者要求再加一个枕头
D一名患者在过去 6 小时内排尿 300 mL
14.优先排序与委派困难
A patient with COPD on 2 L/min oxygen becomes drowsy and hard to wake. The SpO₂ is 93%. What is the priority?
AGive the as-needed sedative so the patient rests comfortably
BIncrease the oxygen to 6 L/min so that the saturation goes even higher than now
CAssess breathing and escalate for a blood gas, as carbon dioxide may be rising
DLet the patient sleep, because the saturation is above target
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
条码扫描器提示药物与患者记录不符。护士应怎么做?
A扫描另一位患者的腕带
B暂停并查明原因后再给药
C先给药,本班稍后再报告该警告
D忽略警告并给药
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
A patient was harmed by a medication error and asks the nurse what happened. Which approach is best?
ATell the patient to make a formal complaint to find out
BBe honest that an error occurred and involve the provider and team in disclosure per policy
CTell the patient nothing happened to avoid worry
DBlame the pharmacy for the error so that the nurse and the ward are not at fault
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
A patient with diabetes also takes propranolol. Why is regular glucose monitoring especially important?
AThe drug blocks the insulin injection site
BThe drug stops the meter from reading correctly
CThe drug can mask warning signs of hypoglycemia
DThe drug causes very high glucose in all patients
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
A patient who had pituitary surgery has fatigue and cold intolerance. The free T4 is low and the TSH is low. What does this pattern suggest?
ASecondary (central) hypothyroidism from pituitary failure
BHyperthyroidism from overactivity of the thyroid gland
CNormal thyroid function with a laboratory error in T4
DPrimary hypothyroidism from failure of the thyroid gland
3溶液
1.护理学基础
答案: B · From the inner corner outwards, using a clean part of the cloth for each eye
为什么是这个答案
Wiping from the inner to the outer canthus moves debris away from the tear duct. Using a clean part of the cloth for each eye prevents spreading infection between them.
答案
B · From the inner corner outwards, using a clean part of the cloth for each eye
2.护理学基础
答案: B · The respiratory rate and level of sedation
为什么是这个答案
Opioids can cause sedation and respiratory depression. Checking breathing and alertness before each dose, as well as the pain score, keeps the patient safe.
答案
B · The respiratory rate and level of sedation
3.临床护理
答案: D · 造口可能缺血,需要紧急评估
为什么是这个答案
造口颜色暗淡或发黑提示血供不足、可能坏死,必须立即报告外科团队。
答案
D · 造口可能缺血,需要紧急评估
4.临床护理
答案: D · With an observational pain tool that scores facial expression, behaviour and body language
为什么是这个答案
Observational tools such as PAINAD or the Abbey Pain Scale help assess pain in people who cannot self-report. Family and carers can describe changes in usual behaviour.
答案
D · With an observational pain tool that scores facial expression, behaviour and body language
QT 与 QTc:QT 间期从 QRS 波群起点到 T 波终点。它随心率加快而缩短,因此要用以秒为单位的 R–R 间期按心率校正:Bazett QTc = QT/√RR,Fridericia QTc = QT/∛RR。多数教科书使用 Bazett 公式;它在心率快时校正过度,此时宜用 Fridericia。各参考标准的界限不同:QTc 男性高于约 0.45 s、女性高于约 0.46 s 通常称为延长,高于 0.50 s 称为明显延长。
测量
QT = 9.5 × 0.04 = 0.38 s
RR = 22 × 0.04 = 0.88 s
Bazett 公式
QTc = 0.38/√0.88 = 0.38/0.9381 = 0.405 s
答案
QTc = 0.405 s
在通常上限之内(男性约 0.45 s,女性约 0.46 s)。(405 ms)
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 心室颤动
室性节律:室性心动过速是连续三个或以上宽大(0.12 s 或以上)的波群,频率超过 100 次/分,通常为 150–250 次/分,节律规则,没有相关的 P 波。心室颤动是紊乱、不规则的波形,无法辨认 P 波、QRS 波群或 T 波,也没有可计数的频率。心脏停搏是几乎平直的线,没有心室活动;平直线一定要通过检查患者、导联和增益并换一个导联来确认。在复苏指南中,室颤和无脉性室速是可电击心律,心脏停搏则不是。
答案: C · Assess breathing and escalate for a blood gas, as carbon dioxide may be rising
为什么是这个答案
In COPD, drowsiness can be a sign of carbon dioxide retention (hypercapnia), even when the saturation is acceptable. The nurse assesses breathing, escalates and avoids extra oxygen or sedatives that could worsen it.
答案
C · Assess breathing and escalate for a blood gas, as carbon dioxide may be rising
答案: B · Be honest that an error occurred and involve the provider and team in disclosure per policy
为什么是这个答案
Open, honest disclosure of errors is an ethical duty and part of a safety culture. The nurse follows policy, which usually involves the provider and risk team, and does not hide or blame.
答案
B · Be honest that an error occurred and involve the provider and team in disclosure per policy
17.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: C · The drug can mask warning signs of hypoglycemia
为什么是这个答案
Beta-blockers, especially nonselective ones, blunt adrenergic warning signs of hypoglycemia such as tremor and tachycardia, and they can delay recovery. Sweating usually remains. Glucose checks help detect lows that the patient may not feel.
答案
C · The drug can mask warning signs of hypoglycemia
18.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: A · Secondary (central) hypothyroidism from pituitary failure
为什么是这个答案
In primary hypothyroidism, a low T4 causes a high TSH. A low T4 with a low or inappropriately normal TSH means the pituitary (or hypothalamus) is not producing enough TSH, so the TSH cannot be used alone to monitor treatment.
答案
A · Secondary (central) hypothyroidism from pituitary failure