II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1一度房室传导阻滞
2心房颤动
3交界性心律
4窦性心动过缓
12.心电图节律条带解读困难
依次按五个步骤解读这条 II 导联心电图:心率、节律、P 波、PR 间期、QRS 时限。你在哪一步发现第一个异常?点击它。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1折旧率
2节律
3P 波
4PR 间期
5QRS 时限
13.优先排序与委派中等
A patient on a nasal cannula at 6 L/min still has a low SpO₂. What should the nurse do?
ATurn the nasal cannula up to 15 L/min
BRecheck the SpO₂ at the next routine set of observations in four hours
CRemove the oxygen to see if the SpO₂ changes
DReport it, because a different oxygen device is likely to be needed
14.优先排序与委派困难
在持续管饲过程中,一名患者突然开始咳嗽、呼吸急促,SpO₂ 下降。护士的首要行动是什么?
A加快管饲速度使其更早完成
B停止管饲,让患者坐直并评估呼吸
C让患者平躺休息
D用 50 mL 水冲洗管道,然后照常继续管饲
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
患者的血液意外溅入护士眼睛后,护士应怎么做?
A立即用大量清水或生理盐水冲洗眼睛,然后上报
B滴抗生素眼药水,不告诉任何人
C完成操作,第二天再上报
D先用干净的干纸巾轻轻揉眼睛擦去血液
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
Which position is especially dangerous for a patient in physical restraints?
ALying on the side
BSitting upright in bed
CLying on the back with the head raised
DLying face down (prone)
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
A patient taking furosemide has a potassium of 3.3 mEq/L and is told to eat more potassium-rich foods. Which snack is the best choice?
AWhite bread
BPlain crackers
CRice cakes
DDried apricots
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
The nurse teaches a patient who is collecting a 24-hour urine sample at home. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A"I'll ask whether any foods or drugs should be avoided first"
B"I'll keep the container cool as the laboratory told me to"
C"I'll empty my bladder at the end time and add that urine"
D"If I forget to save one void, I'll just carry on to the end"
3溶液
1.护理学基础
答案: A · Getting an accurate list of the medicines taken before admission
为什么是这个答案
Medicines reconciliation compares the patient's own medicines with what is prescribed in hospital, using several sources, so that changes are intended and errors are avoided.
答案
A · Getting an accurate list of the medicines taken before admission
2.护理学基础
答案: D · A pulmonary embolism
为什么是这个答案
Sudden breathlessness, pleuritic chest pain and tachycardia after surgery suggest a clot from the leg has reached the lungs. This is an emergency needing urgent medical review.
答案
D · A pulmonary embolism
3.临床护理
答案: C · On or soon after admission
为什么是这个答案
Discharge planning starts early so that needs such as equipment, care packages, medicines and follow-up are ready when the patient is fit to leave.
答案
C · On or soon after admission
4.临床护理
答案: A · A patient with asthma who can only speak in single words
为什么是这个答案
Being unable to complete sentences is a sign of acute severe or life-threatening asthma, an airway and breathing emergency. The other patients need attention but are not immediately life-threatened.
答案
A · A patient with asthma who can only speak in single words
节律标准(II 导联):窦性心律每个 QRS 之前都有直立的 P 波,PR 恒定为 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 狭窄:60–100 次/分为正常窦性心律,低于 60 为窦性心动过缓,高于 100 为窦性心动过速。心房颤动:无 P 波,基线呈颤动,R–R 绝对不规则。心房扑动:约 250–350 次/分的锯齿状扑动波,伴固定的传导比例,如 2:1 或 4:1。一度房室传导阻滞:窦性心律,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。交界性心律:窄 QRS,40–60 次/分,P 波缺失或倒置(PR 低于 0.12 s,或 P 波在 QRS 之后)。室性早搏(PVC)是提前出现的宽大(0.12 s 或以上)、形态怪异的 QRS,没有 P 波,T 波方向相反,通常有完全性代偿间歇;二联律是指每隔一个搏动就有一个室性早搏。
五个步骤
1. 心率:R–R = 26 个小格,1500 ÷ 26 ≈ 58 次/分。
2. 节律:规则,每个 R–R 均为 1.04 s。
3. P 波:看不到。
4. PR 间期:无法测量。
5. QRS:0.08 s,狭窄(低于 0.12 s)。
解读
交界性心律
答案
交界性心律
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: QRS 时限
每条心电图的五个步骤:1. 心率(300 法或 1500 法;若不规则则用 6 秒法);2. 节律:R–R 间期是否相等;3. P 波:是否存在、在 II 导联直立、每个 QRS 之前各有一个且形态一致;4. PR 间期:0.12–0.20 s 且恒定;5. QRS 时限:低于 0.12 s。五个步骤做完之后才命名节律。正常窦性心律五项全部符合:60–100 次/分,规则,每个 QRS 之前有直立 P 波,PR 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 低于 0.12 s。
五个步骤
1. 心率:R–R = 21 个小格,1500 ÷ 21 ≈ 71 次/分。
2. 节律:规则,每个 R–R 均为 0.84 s。
3. P 波:直立,每个 QRS 之前各有一个,形态一致。
4. PR 间期:0.14 s,恒定,在 0.12–0.20 s 范围内。
5. QRS:0.14 s,增宽(0.12 s 或以上)。
第一个异常的步骤
QRS 时限 → 窦性心律伴宽 QRS
答案
QRS 时限
13.优先排序与委派
答案: D · Report it, because a different oxygen device is likely to be needed
为什么是这个答案
Standard nasal cannulas are usually run at up to about 6 L/min; higher flows dry the nose without much benefit. If the patient still needs more oxygen, the nurse assesses and escalates for a different device.
答案
D · Report it, because a different oxygen device is likely to be needed
Restraining a person face down can restrict breathing and has caused deaths from positional asphyxia. Restrained patients are positioned to protect the airway and are watched closely.
答案
D · Lying face down (prone)
17.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: D · Dried apricots
为什么是这个答案
Dried fruits such as apricots, raisins and prunes are rich in potassium, as are bananas, oranges, potatoes, beans and tomatoes. Refined grain products such as white bread and crackers are low in potassium.
答案
D · Dried apricots
18.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: D · "If I forget to save one void, I'll just carry on to the end"
为什么是这个答案
A 24-hour collection is valid only if every void in the period is saved; if a void is lost, the nurse or clinic is told and the collection is usually restarted. Keeping the container cool as instructed, adding the final void at the end time and asking about restrictions are correct.
答案
D · "If I forget to save one void, I'll just carry on to the end"