II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
QTc = s
12.心电图节律条带解读困难
识别这条 II 导联心电图上的节律。点击你的答案。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1尖端扭转型室性心动过速
2室性心动过速
3窦性心动过速
4室上性心动过速(SVT)
13.优先排序与委派中等
一名护士同时收到四个呼叫灯。护士首先去哪位患者那里?
A一名输液泵因维持液体袋已输完而报警的患者
B一名询问医生什么时候来的患者
C一名因 4/10 的疼痛要求止痛药的患者
D一名说“我喘不上气”的患者
14.优先排序与委派困难
一名头部受伤并伴有腿部骨折的患者正在接受监测。哪项发现是优先事项?
A患者要求吃点东西
B格拉斯哥昏迷评分从 15 分降至 12 分
C肘部有一处小擦伤
D尽管刚用过镇痛药,腿痛仍为 6/10
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
A patient has fallen, and the nurse completes an incident report. Which statement about this report is correct?
AIt is only needed when the patient is injured
BA copy of it is placed in the patient’s chart so all staff know about the fall
CIt is written factually and does not replace documenting the fall in the patient’s record
DIt replaces the need to document the fall in the patient’s record
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
一名干细胞移植后严重免疫抑制的患者住在保护性环境中。下列哪件物品不应带入房间?
A鲜花或盆栽植物
B患者自己的干净衣物
C一台干净、已消毒的平板电脑
D一张已擦拭干净的相框全家福
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
A 55-year-old has a positive fecal immunochemical test (FIT) during routine screening. What is the usual next step?
AStart an iron supplement only
BNo action if there are no symptoms
CRepeat the test in 10 years
DReferral for colonoscopy
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
A 68-year-old man has fatigue, a hemoglobin of 9.8 g/dL (98 g/L), an MCV of 72 fL and a low ferritin. He eats a normal diet. What is the most important next step?
ARepeat the blood count in one year
BStart vitamin B12 injections
CLook for a source of blood loss in the gut
DGive iron and do no further tests at all
3溶液
1.护理学基础
答案: A · Let the patient do what they can and help with the rest
为什么是这个答案
Encouraging patients to do what they can maintains independence, dignity and function. The nurse helps with the parts they cannot manage.
答案
A · Let the patient do what they can and help with the rest
2.护理学基础
答案: C · Look for an unmet need such as toileting, pain, hunger or thirst
为什么是这个答案
Restlessness in dementia often has a cause, such as needing the toilet, pain or being cold. Meeting the need is safer than restraint or sedation, which increase the risk of harm.
答案
C · Look for an unmet need such as toileting, pain, hunger or thirst
3.临床护理
答案: B · Recent broad-spectrum antibiotic use
为什么是这个答案
Broad-spectrum antibiotics disrupt normal gut flora, letting C. difficile overgrow. Older age, hospital stay and proton pump inhibitors also increase the risk.
答案
B · Recent broad-spectrum antibiotic use
4.临床护理
答案: C · Liver damage develops later, and the antidote works best when given early
为什么是这个答案
Paracetamol overdose may cause few early symptoms, but liver failure can develop over days. Acetylcysteine is most effective when started early, guided by timed paracetamol levels.
答案
C · Liver damage develops later, and the antidote works best when given early
QT 与 QTc:QT 间期从 QRS 波群起点到 T 波终点。它随心率加快而缩短,因此要用以秒为单位的 R–R 间期按心率校正:Bazett QTc = QT/√RR,Fridericia QTc = QT/∛RR。多数教科书使用 Bazett 公式;它在心率快时校正过度,此时宜用 Fridericia。各参考标准的界限不同:QTc 男性高于约 0.45 s、女性高于约 0.46 s 通常称为延长,高于 0.50 s 称为明显延长。
测量
QT = 12.5 × 0.04 = 0.50 s
RR = 23 × 0.04 = 0.92 s
Bazett 公式
QTc = 0.50/√0.92 = 0.50/0.9592 = 0.521 s
答案
QTc = 0.521 s
高于 0.50 s:明显延长。(521 ms)
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 室性心动过速
室性节律:室性心动过速是连续三个或以上宽大(0.12 s 或以上)的波群,频率超过 100 次/分,通常为 150–250 次/分,节律规则,没有相关的 P 波。心室颤动是紊乱、不规则的波形,无法辨认 P 波、QRS 波群或 T 波,也没有可计数的频率。心脏停搏是几乎平直的线,没有心室活动;平直线一定要通过检查患者、导联和增益并换一个导联来确认。在复苏指南中,室颤和无脉性室速是可电击心律,心脏停搏则不是。
五个步骤
1. 心率:R–R = 10 个小格,1500 ÷ 10 ≈ 150 次/分。
2. 节律:规则,每个 R–R 均为 0.40 s。
3. P 波:无法辨认。
4. PR 间期:无法测量。
5. QRS:0.16 s,增宽(0.12 s 或以上)。
解读
室性心动过速
答案
室性心动过速
在复苏指南中,室颤和无脉性室速是可电击心律。这里只是识别练习。
13.优先排序与委派
答案: D · 一名说“我喘不上气”的患者
为什么是这个答案
新出现的呼吸困难可能威胁生命,需要首先评估。维持液体袋输完、中度疼痛和一个问题可以随后处理。
答案
D · 一名说“我喘不上气”的患者
14.优先排序与委派
答案: B · 格拉斯哥昏迷评分从 15 分降至 12 分
为什么是这个答案
GCS 下降提示颅内压升高,可能致命,需要紧急上报。骨折疼痛也需要处理,但不像这样威胁生命。
答案
B · 格拉斯哥昏迷评分从 15 分降至 12 分
15.感染控制与患者安全
答案: C · It is written factually and does not replace documenting the fall in the patient’s record
为什么是这个答案
The nurse documents the facts of the fall, the assessment and the care given in the patient’s record. The incident report is a separate quality-improvement document and is not filed in the chart. Policies differ on whether the record notes that a report was made: many US facilities advise against it, while many UK services record the report reference. Falls are reported whether or not there is an injury.
答案
C · It is written factually and does not replace documenting the fall in the patient’s record
A positive FIT means hidden blood in the stool, which may come from a polyp, cancer or other lesion, so a colonoscopy is needed to find the source. A positive screening test is never ignored, even without symptoms.
答案
D · Referral for colonoscopy
18.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: C · Look for a source of blood loss in the gut
为什么是这个答案
Iron deficiency in an older man or a postmenopausal woman suggests chronic blood loss, often from the gastrointestinal tract, including colorectal cancer. Iron is started, but endoscopy or colonoscopy is needed to find the cause.