II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
QTc = s
12.心电图节律条带解读困难
识别这条 II 导联心电图上的节律。点击你的答案。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1窦性心动过速
2室性心动过速
3室上性心动过速(SVT)
4心房扑动,2:1 传导
13.优先排序与委派中等
A patient has taken prednisone (prednisolone in many countries) for several months. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A“I will take the tablets with food.”
B“I will report signs of infection early.”
C“I will tell my dentist and other doctors that I take a steroid.”
D“I will stop the tablets as soon as I feel better.”
14.优先排序与委派困难
An 85-year-old resident becomes newly confused and is falling, but has no fever. Which cause should the nurse consider first?
ANormal aging that needs no assessment
BAn infection, such as a urinary tract infection, presenting atypically
CBoredom from not having enough activities
DA sudden worsening of long-standing dementia that needs no tests
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
Many intensive care units bathe patients daily with chlorhexidine. What is the main purpose?
ATo treat existing wound infections without the need for antibiotics
BTo lower the patient’s body temperature
CTo reduce skin bacteria and bloodstream infections linked to central lines
DTo moisturize dry skin in older patients
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
一名患者伤口曾感染 MRSA,现在需要换药。哪种个人防护装备是恰当的?
A仅戴 N95 呼吸器,因为 MRSA 是耐药菌
B不用个人防护装备,只要事后清洁双手即可
C仅戴无菌手套,不穿隔离衣或其他防护
D隔离衣和手套,若可能有飞溅则加戴护目装备和口罩
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
The heparin infusion rate was changed according to protocol. When is the aPTT usually rechecked?
AAbout 30 minutes after the change
BOnly after the infusion is stopped
CAbout 6 hours after the change
DAbout 3 days after the change
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
A patient with right upper abdominal pain from gallstones now has jaundice, a total bilirubin of 4.8 mg/dL (82 µmol/L) and a raised ALP. What is the most likely cause?
AGilbert syndrome triggered by pain
BA stone blocking the common bile duct
CHemolysis caused by the gallstones
DUncomplicated gallbladder inflammation
3溶液
1.护理学基础
答案: C · Recheck it, making sure the technique and cuff size are correct
为什么是这个答案
Unexpected findings are validated before action. If the repeat reading is still high, the nurse assesses for symptoms and reports it.
答案
C · Recheck it, making sure the technique and cuff size are correct
2.护理学基础
答案: D · A postoperative patient with SpO₂ 89% on air and a respiratory rate of 28
为什么是这个答案
Low saturation with a high respiratory rate shows a breathing problem that could worsen quickly. The other needs are real but not urgent.
答案
D · A postoperative patient with SpO₂ 89% on air and a respiratory rate of 28
3.临床护理
答案: B · Lying flat, with the legs raised
为什么是这个答案
Lying flat with the legs raised supports circulation in anaphylactic shock. Patients with breathing difficulty may prefer to sit up, but should not stand or walk, as this can cause collapse.
答案
B · Lying flat, with the legs raised
4.临床护理
答案: C · Pre-renal acute kidney injury from poor perfusion, treated by restoring fluid volume
为什么是这个答案
Fluid loss reduces kidney perfusion, causing pre-renal AKI. Prompt fluid replacement can restore function before the kidney tissue itself is damaged.
答案
C · Pre-renal acute kidney injury from poor perfusion, treated by restoring fluid volume
QT 与 QTc:QT 间期从 QRS 波群起点到 T 波终点。它随心率加快而缩短,因此要用以秒为单位的 R–R 间期按心率校正:Bazett QTc = QT/√RR,Fridericia QTc = QT/∛RR。多数教科书使用 Bazett 公式;它在心率快时校正过度,此时宜用 Fridericia。各参考标准的界限不同:QTc 男性高于约 0.45 s、女性高于约 0.46 s 通常称为延长,高于 0.50 s 称为明显延长。
测量
QT = 9 × 0.04 = 0.36 s
RR = 16 × 0.04 = 0.64 s
Bazett 公式
QTc = 0.36/√0.64 = 0.36/0.8 = 0.45 s
答案
QTc = 0.45 s
在通常上限之内(男性约 0.45 s,女性约 0.46 s)。(450 ms)
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 室性心动过速
室性节律:室性心动过速是连续三个或以上宽大(0.12 s 或以上)的波群,频率超过 100 次/分,通常为 150–250 次/分,节律规则,没有相关的 P 波。心室颤动是紊乱、不规则的波形,无法辨认 P 波、QRS 波群或 T 波,也没有可计数的频率。心脏停搏是几乎平直的线,没有心室活动;平直线一定要通过检查患者、导联和增益并换一个导联来确认。在复苏指南中,室颤和无脉性室速是可电击心律,心脏停搏则不是。
五个步骤
1. 心率:R–R = 10 个小格,1500 ÷ 10 ≈ 150 次/分。
2. 节律:规则,每个 R–R 均为 0.40 s。
3. P 波:无法辨认。
4. PR 间期:无法测量。
5. QRS:0.14 s,增宽(0.12 s 或以上)。
解读
室性心动过速
答案
室性心动过速
在复苏指南中,室颤和无脉性室速是可电击心律。这里只是识别练习。
13.优先排序与委派
答案: D · “I will stop the tablets as soon as I feel better.”
为什么是这个答案
Stopping long-term corticosteroids suddenly can cause adrenal crisis, so they are tapered as prescribed. Taking them with food, telling other prescribers and reporting infection are correct.
答案
D · “I will stop the tablets as soon as I feel better.”
14.优先排序与委派
答案: B · An infection, such as a urinary tract infection, presenting atypically
为什么是这个答案
Older adults often present with confusion or falls rather than fever when they have an infection. New confusion is a change that needs assessment for causes such as infection, dehydration or medication.
答案
B · An infection, such as a urinary tract infection, presenting atypically
15.感染控制与患者安全
答案: C · To reduce skin bacteria and bloodstream infections linked to central lines
为什么是这个答案
Daily chlorhexidine bathing lowers the number of organisms on the skin, reducing central line-associated bloodstream infections and the spread of resistant bacteria in ICUs.
答案
C · To reduce skin bacteria and bloodstream infections linked to central lines
Most weight-based heparin protocols check the aPTT (or anti-Xa level) about 6 hours after starting or changing the rate, because it takes this long to reach a new steady state. Checking too early can lead to wrong adjustments.
答案
C · About 6 hours after the change
18.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: B · A stone blocking the common bile duct
为什么是这个答案
A gallstone in the common bile duct (choledocholithiasis) obstructs bile flow, raising conjugated bilirubin and ALP. Fever with jaundice and pain suggests cholangitis, an emergency. Simple cholecystitis usually causes only mild liver test changes.