A patient has pneumonia in the right lung only. In which side-lying position is oxygenation usually best?
ALying on the right side
BLying face down
CLying flat on the back
DLying on the left side
2.护理学基础困难
An older patient with diarrhoea for three days is dizzy on standing and passing small amounts of dark urine. What is the most likely problem?
AFluid overload from drinking too much
BUrinary retention caused by a full bladder
CDehydration from fluid loss
DNormal ageing that needs no action
3.临床护理中等
Why is an urgent brain scan needed before thrombolysis for a suspected stroke?
ATo rule out bleeding in the brain
BTo check for brain tumours only
CTo measure the size of the ventricles
DTo confirm the patient's age
4.临床护理困难
A patient with poorly controlled hyperthyroidism develops a high fever, very fast heart rate, agitation and vomiting during an infection. What is likely?
BPneumonia on 2 L/min oxygen, SpO₂ 93%, talking in full sentences
CDay 2 after a hernia repair, pain 6/10, oral analgesic due in 20 minutes, wants it now
DDeep vein thrombosis on a heparin infusion, aPTT in the target range
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
A patient in bed has a generalized tonic-clonic seizure. What should the nurse do?
ATurn the patient on their side and protect them from injury without restraining
BPut a padded tongue blade between the teeth to protect the tongue from biting
CGive sips of water to keep the airway moist
DHold the arms and legs firmly to stop the movements
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
一名患者正在持续输注高警示药物。交接班时,哪种做法最安全?
A只检查速率,不检查药物或浓度
B两名护士对照处方共同核对输注泵和药袋
C接班护士在本班结束时检查
D交班护士在护士站说“泵没问题”
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
一名因房颤服用华法林的患者 INR 为 5.2,无出血。护士最好的措施是什么?
A给予双倍剂量
B给予通常的剂量,一个月后复查
C暂停华法林剂量并通知开医嘱者
D建议患者从今天起不再吃绿叶蔬菜
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
A patient with acute kidney injury has a potassium of 6.8 mEq/L despite medical treatment, a pH of 7.12 and pulmonary edema not responding to diuretics. Which treatment is most likely needed?
AMore oral fluid
BA potassium supplement
CUrgent dialysis
DAn IV magnesium dose
3溶液
1.护理学基础
答案: D · Lying on the left side
为什么是这个答案
Gravity sends more blood to the lower lung. Placing the healthy lung down matches more blood flow to the lung that is ventilating well, improving oxygenation.
答案
D · Lying on the left side
2.护理学基础
答案: C · Dehydration from fluid loss
为什么是这个答案
Diarrhoea causes loss of water and electrolytes. Postural dizziness and concentrated low-volume urine show dehydration, which needs fluid replacement, electrolyte checks and close monitoring.
答案
C · Dehydration from fluid loss
3.临床护理
答案: A · To rule out bleeding in the brain
为什么是这个答案
A CT scan distinguishes haemorrhagic from ischaemic stroke. Clot-busting drugs are only given when bleeding has been excluded and other criteria are met.
答案
A · To rule out bleeding in the brain
4.临床护理
答案: D · Thyroid storm
为什么是这个答案
Thyroid storm is a life-threatening worsening of hyperthyroidism, often triggered by infection or surgery. It needs urgent treatment with cooling, beta-blockade and antithyroid drugs.
节律标准(II 导联):窦性心律每个 QRS 之前都有直立的 P 波,PR 恒定为 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 狭窄:60–100 次/分为正常窦性心律,低于 60 为窦性心动过缓,高于 100 为窦性心动过速。心房颤动:无 P 波,基线呈颤动,R–R 绝对不规则。心房扑动:约 250–350 次/分的锯齿状扑动波,伴固定的传导比例,如 2:1 或 4:1。一度房室传导阻滞:窦性心律,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。交界性心律:窄 QRS,40–60 次/分,P 波缺失或倒置(PR 低于 0.12 s,或 P 波在 QRS 之后)。室性早搏(PVC)是提前出现的宽大(0.12 s 或以上)、形态怪异的 QRS,没有 P 波,T 波方向相反,通常有完全性代偿间歇;二联律是指每隔一个搏动就有一个室性早搏。
五个步骤
1. 心率:R–R = 26 个小格,1500 ÷ 26 ≈ 58 次/分。
2. 节律:规则,每个 R–R 均为 1.04 s。
3. P 波:倒置,紧邻每个 QRS 之前。
4. PR 间期:0.10 s,短于 0.12 s。
5. QRS:0.10 s,狭窄(低于 0.12 s)。
解读
交界性心律
答案
交界性心律
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: PR 间期
每条心电图的五个步骤:1. 心率(300 法或 1500 法;若不规则则用 6 秒法);2. 节律:R–R 间期是否相等;3. P 波:是否存在、在 II 导联直立、每个 QRS 之前各有一个且形态一致;4. PR 间期:0.12–0.20 s 且恒定;5. QRS 时限:低于 0.12 s。五个步骤做完之后才命名节律。正常窦性心律五项全部符合:60–100 次/分,规则,每个 QRS 之前有直立 P 波,PR 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 低于 0.12 s。
五个步骤
1. 心率:R–R = 17 个小格,1500 ÷ 17 ≈ 88 次/分。
2. 节律:规则,每个 R–R 均为 0.68 s。
3. P 波:直立,每个 QRS 之前各有一个,形态一致。
4. PR 间期:0.30 s,恒定,长于 0.20 s。
5. QRS:0.08 s,狭窄(低于 0.12 s)。
第一个异常的步骤
PR 间期 → 一度房室传导阻滞
答案
PR 间期
13.优先排序与委派
答案: D · Contact the prescriber to clarify the order before giving the drug
为什么是这个答案
An unclear order must be clarified with the prescriber before the medication is given. Guessing or ignoring the order can harm the patient.
答案
D · Contact the prescriber to clarify the order before giving the drug
14.优先排序与委派
答案: A · New atrial fibrillation, heart rate 150/min, blood pressure 86/50 mmHg, dizzy
为什么是这个答案
Rapid atrial fibrillation with hypotension and dizziness means the heart is not pumping enough blood; the patient is unstable. The other patients are within target or have predictable needs.
答案
A · New atrial fibrillation, heart rate 150/min, blood pressure 86/50 mmHg, dizzy
15.感染控制与患者安全
答案: A · Turn the patient on their side and protect them from injury without restraining
为什么是这个答案
The nurse stays with the patient, turns them to the side to keep the airway clear, moves hard objects away and times the seizure. Objects in the mouth and restraint can cause injury.
答案
A · Turn the patient on their side and protect them from injury without restraining
Indications for urgent dialysis in AKI include refractory hyperkalemia, severe metabolic acidosis, fluid overload not responding to diuretics, uremic complications and some poisonings. This patient has three of them.