II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1交界性心律
2窦性心动过缓
3正常窦性心律
4一度房室传导阻滞
12.心电图节律条带解读困难
依次按五个步骤解读这条 II 导联心电图:心率、节律、P 波、PR 间期、QRS 时限。你在哪一步发现第一个异常?点击它。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1折旧率
2节律
3P 波
4PR 间期
5QRS 时限
13.优先排序与委派中等
When making patient assignments, what should the charge nurse consider first?
ALetting staff choose the patients they prefer
BGiving each nurse patients in rooms next to each other
CMatching each patient’s needs to staff competence
DGiving the newest staff the most complex patients
14.优先排序与委派困难
Two call lights go on at the same time. One patient has pain of 7/10 after surgery. The other is a confused patient at high risk of falls who is climbing out of bed alone. Who does the nurse go to first?
AThe patient whose call light went on first
BWhichever patient’s room is closer to the station
CThe confused patient climbing out of bed
DThe patient in pain after surgery
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
A nurse has just given an intramuscular injection with a safety needle. What should the nurse do next with the needle?
ARecap it carefully with both hands and dispose of it after the drug round
BActivate the safety device and drop it into a sharps container at once
CBend the needle to make it unusable, then discard it
DLay it on the medication tray and discard it later
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
A nurse has a needlestick from a patient known to have hepatitis C. Which statement about management is correct?
ANo follow-up is needed because hepatitis C does not spread by needles
BThe hepatitis C vaccine series is started at once, with a booster dose six months later
CHepatitis C immune globulin is given within 24 hours, followed by a booster dose
DThere is no preventive drug, so baseline and follow-up testing are done to detect infection early
答案: C · Post-exposure prophylaxis works best when started as soon as possible
为什么是这个答案
HIV post-exposure prophylaxis should be started as soon as possible after exposure, ideally within hours. Occupational health or the emergency department will assess the risk and arrange follow-up testing.
答案
C · Post-exposure prophylaxis works best when started as soon as possible
4.临床护理
答案: D · 高碳酸血症性呼吸衰竭,部分由吸氧过量引起
为什么是这个答案
对 CO2 潴留患者不加控制地给氧会加重高碳酸血症和呼吸性酸中毒。应把氧疗滴定到 88–92%,并请医生评估,可能需要无创通气。
理想体重(Devine):男性 IBW = 50 kg + 身高超过 5 英尺(60 in)的每英寸加 2.3 kg,女性 IBW = 45.5 kg + 超过 60 in 的每英寸加 2.3 kg;1 in = 2.54 cm。该公式适用于身高至少 152.4 cm(5 ft)的成人。 危重症肥胖患者(ASPEN/SCCM 2016):BMI = 体重/身高²(kg/m²)。BMI 30–40 时蛋白质目标为每天每 kg 理想体重 2 g,BMI 40 及以上时最高为每天每 kg 理想体重 2.5 g。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
体质指数
BMI = 151/1.85² = 44.12 kg/m²
理想体重(Devine)
185 cm/2.54 = 72.83 in
IBW = 50 + 2.3·(72.83 − 60) = 79.52 kg
蛋白质目标
BMI 40 或以上:每 kg 理想体重 2.5 g。
P = 2.5·79.52 = 198.8 ≈ 199 g/天
答案
P = 199 g/天
11.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 窦性心动过缓
节律标准(II 导联):窦性心律每个 QRS 之前都有直立的 P 波,PR 恒定为 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 狭窄:60–100 次/分为正常窦性心律,低于 60 为窦性心动过缓,高于 100 为窦性心动过速。心房颤动:无 P 波,基线呈颤动,R–R 绝对不规则。心房扑动:约 250–350 次/分的锯齿状扑动波,伴固定的传导比例,如 2:1 或 4:1。一度房室传导阻滞:窦性心律,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。交界性心律:窄 QRS,40–60 次/分,P 波缺失或倒置(PR 低于 0.12 s,或 P 波在 QRS 之后)。室性早搏(PVC)是提前出现的宽大(0.12 s 或以上)、形态怪异的 QRS,没有 P 波,T 波方向相反,通常有完全性代偿间歇;二联律是指每隔一个搏动就有一个室性早搏。
五个步骤
1. 心率:R–R = 30 个小格,1500 ÷ 30 ≈ 50 次/分。
2. 节律:规则,每个 R–R 均为 1.20 s。
3. P 波:直立,每个 QRS 之前各有一个,形态一致。
4. PR 间期:0.18 s,恒定,在 0.12–0.20 s 范围内。
5. QRS:0.08 s,狭窄(低于 0.12 s)。
解读
窦性心动过缓
答案
窦性心动过缓
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 节律
每条心电图的五个步骤:1. 心率(300 法或 1500 法;若不规则则用 6 秒法);2. 节律:R–R 间期是否相等;3. P 波:是否存在、在 II 导联直立、每个 QRS 之前各有一个且形态一致;4. PR 间期:0.12–0.20 s 且恒定;5. QRS 时限:低于 0.12 s。五个步骤做完之后才命名节律。正常窦性心律五项全部符合:60–100 次/分,规则,每个 QRS 之前有直立 P 波,PR 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 低于 0.12 s。
五个步骤
1. 心率:6 秒内有 8 个 QRS 波群,× 10 = 80 次/分。
2. 节律:绝对不规则,R–R 在 0.62 至 0.94 s 之间,没有规律。
3. P 波:无;基线上可见细小不规则的颤动波。
4. PR 间期:无法测量。
5. QRS:0.08 s,狭窄(低于 0.12 s)。
第一个异常的步骤
节律 → 心房颤动
答案
节律
13.优先排序与委派
答案: C · Matching each patient’s needs to staff competence
为什么是这个答案
Assignments are based mainly on patient acuity and needs and on each staff member’s skills and scope. Geography and continuity of care help, but they come after safety.
答案
C · Matching each patient’s needs to staff competence
14.优先排序与委派
答案: C · The confused patient climbing out of bed
为什么是这个答案
A confused patient climbing out of bed could fall and be badly injured within moments. Pain needs prompt treatment, but the immediate safety risk comes first.
答案
C · The confused patient climbing out of bed
15.感染控制与患者安全
答案: B · Activate the safety device and drop it into a sharps container at once
为什么是这个答案
Used needles are never recapped with two hands, bent or left lying around. The safety feature is activated straight away and the needle goes into a puncture-resistant sharps container at the point of use.
答案
B · Activate the safety device and drop it into a sharps container at once
16.感染控制与患者安全
答案: D · There is no preventive drug, so baseline and follow-up testing are done to detect infection early
为什么是这个答案
There is no vaccine or post-exposure prophylaxis for hepatitis C. The exposure is reported, baseline tests are taken and follow-up testing identifies infection early, because effective treatment is available.
答案
D · There is no preventive drug, so baseline and follow-up testing are done to detect infection early