II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
QTc = s
12.心电图节律条带解读困难
这条 II 导联心电图显示心房与心室之间存在传导问题。这是什么节律?点击你的答案。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1交界性心律
2三度(完全性)房室传导阻滞
3二度 I 型房室传导阻滞(文氏现象)
4一度房室传导阻滞
13.优先排序与委派中等
A drowsy patient who has just returned from surgery starts to vomit. What should the nurse do first?
ATurn the patient onto their side
BRaise the legs above the heart
CGive an oral anti-sickness tablet
DGive a drink of water
14.优先排序与委派困难
A patient with known abdominal aortic aneurysm suddenly has severe back pain, a pulsing mass in the abdomen and a falling blood pressure. What should the nurse do?
AGive an oral analgesic and reassess the patient in about one hour
BPalpate the mass firmly to check its size and spread
CEncourage the patient to walk to ease the back pain
DCall for emergency help at once and prepare for urgent surgery
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
A nurse wants to set up a sterile field in the morning for a procedure that will take place after lunch. What is correct?
ASet it up in the morning and cover it with a clean towel until the procedure starts
BSet it up in the morning and leave it uncovered in an empty room
CSet it up in the morning and ask a colleague to check it once
DSet it up just before the procedure, because a waiting field may become contaminated
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
一名护士正准备给予静脉吗啡。患者的呼吸频率为 9 次/分,非常嗜睡。护士应怎么做?
A给半量
B给药,明天再复查呼吸频率
C暂停给药,评估患者并通知开医嘱者
D给药,因为之前主诉过疼痛
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
A patient has started parenteral nutrition (PN) through a central line. Which test is monitored most frequently in the first days?
ASerum lipase
BBlood glucose
CHemoglobin A1c
DThyroid hormones
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
A patient's total calcium is 7.6 mg/dL and the albumin is 2.0 g/dL. Using the common correction (add 0.8 mg/dL for each 1 g/dL that albumin is below 4.0), what is the corrected calcium?
A7.6 mg/dL, below the normal range
B9.2 mg/dL, within the normal range
C11.6 mg/dL, above the normal range
D6.0 mg/dL, well below the normal range
3溶液
1.护理学基础
答案: B · Sugar on the skin can give a falsely high reading
为什么是这个答案
Traces of food or drink on the finger can raise the reading. Washing with water and drying fully gives an accurate result; alcohol wipes can also affect some meters.
答案
B · Sugar on the skin can give a falsely high reading
2.护理学基础
答案: D · A drowsy patient stops pressing, which helps prevent overdose
为什么是这个答案
If the patient becomes too sleepy they cannot press the button, so no more opioid is given. When others press it this safety is lost and respiratory depression can follow.
答案
D · A drowsy patient stops pressing, which helps prevent overdose
3.临床护理
答案: C · To detect diabetic retinopathy early, before sight is lost
为什么是这个答案
Diabetic retinopathy often has no symptoms until it is advanced. Screening allows early treatment that can prevent blindness.
答案
C · To detect diabetic retinopathy early, before sight is lost
4.临床护理
答案: C · Jaw thrust
为什么是这个答案
A jaw thrust opens the airway with minimal neck movement. The cervical spine is protected with manual in-line stabilisation, although opening the airway still takes priority if it remains obstructed.
QT 与 QTc:QT 间期从 QRS 波群起点到 T 波终点。它随心率加快而缩短,因此要用以秒为单位的 R–R 间期按心率校正:Bazett QTc = QT/√RR,Fridericia QTc = QT/∛RR。多数教科书使用 Bazett 公式;它在心率快时校正过度,此时宜用 Fridericia。各参考标准的界限不同:QTc 男性高于约 0.45 s、女性高于约 0.46 s 通常称为延长,高于 0.50 s 称为明显延长。
测量
QT = 12.5 × 0.04 = 0.50 s
RR = 25 × 0.04 = 1.00 s
Bazett 公式
QTc = 0.50/√1.00 = 0.50/1 = 0.5 s
答案
QTc = 0.5 s
超过男性(约 0.45 s)和女性(约 0.46 s)的通常上限:延长。(500 ms)
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 三度(完全性)房室传导阻滞
房室传导阻滞:逐个标出 P 波,检查哪些 P 波后面跟着 QRS。一度:每个 P 波都下传,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。二度 I 型(Mobitz I,文氏现象):PR 逐搏延长,直到一个 P 波未下传,然后周期重新开始(成组搏动)。二度 II 型(Mobitz II):下传搏动的 PR 保持恒定,P 波突然不下传;QRS 常增宽。三度(完全性)阻滞:P 波和 QRS 波群各自规则但互相独立,PR 随机变化,心房率快于逸搏率(交界性逸搏 40–60 次/分,QRS 窄;室性逸搏 20–40 次/分,QRS 宽)。2:1 阻滞仅凭一份条带无法判断是 I 型还是 II 型。
五个步骤
1. 心率:R–R = 29 个小格,1500 ÷ 29 ≈ 52 次/分。
2. 节律:R–R 规则(1.16 s),P–P 规则(0.68 s),但二者互相独立。
3. P 波:直立且规则,为 88 次/分,但与 QRS 波群无关联;有些藏在 QRS 或 T 波中。
4. PR 间期:逐搏变化;没有固定关系。
5. QRS:0.08 s,狭窄(低于 0.12 s)。
解读
三度(完全性)房室传导阻滞
答案
三度(完全性)房室传导阻滞
II 型和三度阻滞可能突然进展,所以教科书将它们列为比 I 型更严重。
13.优先排序与委派
答案: A · Turn the patient onto their side
为什么是这个答案
A drowsy patient who vomits can aspirate. Turning them to the side lets vomit drain from the mouth; suction and a prescribed antiemetic follow.
答案
A · Turn the patient onto their side
14.优先排序与委派
答案: D · Call for emergency help at once and prepare for urgent surgery
为什么是这个答案
Sudden severe back or abdominal pain with hypotension in a patient with an aneurysm suggests rupture, which is fatal without urgent surgery. The mass should not be palpated firmly.
答案
D · Call for emergency help at once and prepare for urgent surgery
15.感染控制与患者安全
答案: D · Set it up just before the procedure, because a waiting field may become contaminated
为什么是这个答案
The longer a sterile field is exposed, the more likely it is to be contaminated, and an unattended field cannot be considered sterile. It is prepared just before use.
答案
D · Set it up just before the procedure, because a waiting field may become contaminated
PN contains concentrated dextrose, so hyperglycemia is common, especially at the start; glucose is checked frequently and insulin may be needed. Electrolytes, including phosphate, magnesium and potassium, are also monitored for refeeding syndrome.
答案
B · Blood glucose
18.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: B · 9.2 mg/dL, within the normal range
为什么是这个答案
Corrected calcium = 7.6 + 0.8 × (4.0 − 2.0) = 9.2 mg/dL, which is normal. Low albumin lowers the bound fraction of calcium; the correction is only an estimate, and an ionized calcium is more accurate when it matters.