A patient with a fentanyl skin patch wants to use a heating pad on the area. What should the nurse teach?
AHeat makes the patch last longer, so fewer patches are needed each month
BHeat only matters if the patch is on the chest
CAvoid heat on or near the patch, because it increases how fast the drug is absorbed
DHeat is fine to use, because it helps the patch stick better to the skin
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
A patient on oxygen needs an MRI scan. Which plan is safe?
ALeave the steel cylinder on the patient’s bed during the scan
BRemove the oxygen for the scan without telling anyone
CTake the usual steel cylinder into the room if it is tightly strapped to the trolley frame
DUse only MRI-safe equipment, and never take a standard steel oxygen cylinder into the scanner room
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
A patient with iron-deficiency anemia started oral iron. Which result is usually the earliest sign that treatment is working?
AA fall in the white cell count
BA fall in the mean cell volume (MCV)
CA rise in the reticulocyte count
DA rise in the platelet count
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
A patient without symptoms has a TSH of 7.5 mIU/L on two occasions with a normal free T4. Which term fits best?
ASubclinical hypothyroidism
BOvert primary hypothyroidism
CSecondary hypothyroidism
DSubclinical hyperthyroidism
3溶液
1.护理学基础
答案: D · Integrity versus despair
为什么是这个答案
In late adulthood people review their lives. A sense of meaning brings integrity, while regret can lead to despair. Reminiscence can support this stage.
答案
D · Integrity versus despair
2.护理学基础
答案: D · Higher angles make the patient slide down, causing shear over the sacrum
为什么是这个答案
When the head is raised high, the body tends to slide while the skin stays still, distorting the tissues over the sacrum. Keeping the angle low, where safe, reduces this shear.
答案
D · Higher angles make the patient slide down, causing shear over the sacrum
3.临床护理
答案: C · 乳酸升高表明组织灌注不良、风险更高
为什么是这个答案
组织灌注不良时乳酸会升高。脓毒症中乳酸高提示病情更重,并用于指导液体复苏。
答案
C · 乳酸升高表明组织灌注不良、风险更高
4.临床护理
答案: C · Bleeding from ruptured oesophageal varices
为什么是这个答案
Portal hypertension in cirrhosis causes oesophageal varices, which can bleed massively. This needs resuscitation, urgent endoscopy and specific drug treatment.
节律标准(II 导联):窦性心律每个 QRS 之前都有直立的 P 波,PR 恒定为 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 狭窄:60–100 次/分为正常窦性心律,低于 60 为窦性心动过缓,高于 100 为窦性心动过速。心房颤动:无 P 波,基线呈颤动,R–R 绝对不规则。心房扑动:约 250–350 次/分的锯齿状扑动波,伴固定的传导比例,如 2:1 或 4:1。一度房室传导阻滞:窦性心律,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。交界性心律:窄 QRS,40–60 次/分,P 波缺失或倒置(PR 低于 0.12 s,或 P 波在 QRS 之后)。室性早搏(PVC)是提前出现的宽大(0.12 s 或以上)、形态怪异的 QRS,没有 P 波,T 波方向相反,通常有完全性代偿间歇;二联律是指每隔一个搏动就有一个室性早搏。
扑动波
F–F = 5 个小格 = 0.20 s → 1500 ÷ 5 = 300 次/分
QRS 波群
R–R = 15 个小格 = 0.60 s → 1500 ÷ 15 = 100 次/分
传导比例 = 300 ÷ 100 = 3:1
答案
心室率 = 100 bpm
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 双腔(房室)起搏心律
起搏心律:起搏器脉冲表现为一条细而垂直的起搏钉样信号。心室钉样信号之后的 QRS 是增宽的(0.12 s 或以上),因为冲动是从导线经心肌传播,而不是经传导系统;右心室起搏时,在 II 导联上通常以负向为主。P 波之前的钉样信号表示心房起搏;双腔(房室)起搏器则表现为心房钉样信号加 P 波,再经过程控的房室延迟,出现心室钉样信号和增宽的 QRS。夺获是指每个钉样信号之后都跟着一次除极。夺获失败是指钉样信号之后没有 P 波或 QRS;感知不良(钉样信号无视患者自己的心搏)和起搏不良(该出现钉样信号时没有)是另外两种典型的故障。
五个步骤
1. 心率:R–R = 25 个小格,1500 ÷ 25 ≈ 60 次/分。
2. 节律:规则,每个 R–R 均为 1.00 s。
3. P 波:每个 P 波都跟在自己的起搏钉样信号之后(心房起搏)。
4. 房室间期:第二个钉样信号在第一个之后 0.20 s 出现(程控的房室延迟)。
5. QRS:0.14 s,增宽,紧跟在第二个钉样信号之后(心室起搏)。
解读
双腔(房室)起搏心律
答案
双腔(房室)起搏心律
起搏产生的 QRS 本来就是增宽的;不要称它为束支传导阻滞或室性心律。
13.优先排序与委派
答案: D · The patient’s current condition, recent changes and pending tasks
为什么是这个答案
Effective handover covers the current status, changes, risks and outstanding tasks, often using a structure such as SBAR. Opinions and unrelated details distract from what matters.
答案
D · The patient’s current condition, recent changes and pending tasks
答案: C · Avoid heat on or near the patch, because it increases how fast the drug is absorbed
为什么是这个答案
Heat from heating pads, electric blankets, hot tubs or fever increases fentanyl absorption and can cause an overdose. Patients are taught to avoid heat over the patch.
答案
C · Avoid heat on or near the patch, because it increases how fast the drug is absorbed
16.感染控制与患者安全
答案: D · Use only MRI-safe equipment, and never take a standard steel oxygen cylinder into the scanner room
为什么是这个答案
Steel oxygen cylinders can become projectiles in an MRI room and cause fatal injuries. Only equipment labeled MRI-safe is used, and the patient’s oxygen needs are planned with the MRI team.
答案
D · Use only MRI-safe equipment, and never take a standard steel oxygen cylinder into the scanner room
17.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: C · A rise in the reticulocyte count
为什么是这个答案
Once iron is available, the marrow releases more young red cells, so the reticulocyte count rises within about 1–2 weeks. The hemoglobin rises more slowly over weeks, and iron stores take months to refill.
答案
C · A rise in the reticulocyte count
18.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: A · Subclinical hypothyroidism
为什么是这个答案
A raised TSH with a normal free T4 is subclinical hypothyroidism; the pituitary is working harder to keep T4 normal. Overt hypothyroidism has a low free T4, and subclinical hyperthyroidism has a low TSH.