II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
QTc = s
12.心电图节律条带解读困难
请解读这条 II 导联心电图条带。仅凭这一条心电图条带,你能为哪种解读辩护?点击你的答案。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1二度 II 型房室传导阻滞
2三度(完全性)房室传导阻滞
3二度 I 型房室传导阻滞(文氏现象)
42:1 房室传导阻滞(类型未定)
13.优先排序与委派中等
A patient receiving chemotherapy has a temperature of 38.3 °C and a very low neutrophil count. What should the nurse do?
AGive a cool shower and offer extra fluids, then wait and see what happens
BReport it at once, because cultures and antibiotics are needed quickly
CDocument the reading and mention it at the next handover
DRecheck the temperature in four hours before telling anyone
14.优先排序与委派困难
An infant is choking and cannot cry or breathe. Which technique is correct?
AA blind finger sweep of the mouth
BHolding the infant upside down by the feet
CBack blows and chest thrusts
DAbdominal thrusts, as in adults
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
A patient has severe neutropenia after chemotherapy. Which route for measuring temperature should be avoided?
ATemporal artery
BRectal
CTympanic
DOral
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
A nurse calls a provider using SBAR about a patient with falling blood pressure. Which statement is the “Recommendation”?
A“I am calling about Mr. Jansen in room 12, who is hypotensive.”
B“He is 72 and had a bowel resection yesterday.”
C“I think he needs to be assessed now. Can you come within the next 15 minutes?”
D“His blood pressure has fallen from 130/80 to 88/50 over the last two hours.”
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
A patient on a heparin infusion has blood in the urine and an aPTT far above the target. The nurse stops the infusion and informs the provider. Which antidote should the nurse anticipate?
AProtamine sulfate
BCalcium gluconate
CVitamin K (phytonadione)
DNaloxone
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
在对生长迅速的淋巴瘤化疗后,哪种结果模式提示肿瘤溶解综合征?
A高钾、高磷、高尿酸和低钙
B低钾、低磷、低尿酸和高钙
C电解质正常,血红蛋白高
D仅有高钠和低血糖
3溶液
1.护理学基础
答案: C · When the sounds disappear completely
为什么是这个答案
The first clear sound marks the systolic pressure; in adults the point at which the sounds disappear (phase 5) is recorded as diastolic.
答案
C · When the sounds disappear completely
2.护理学基础
答案: A · "I'll soak my feet in hot water every evening."
为什么是这个答案
People with diabetic neuropathy may not feel heat, and soaking softens the skin, so long hot soaks are avoided. Daily inspection, good footwear and careful drying are correct.
答案
A · "I'll soak my feet in hot water every evening."
3.临床护理
答案: C · Smoking
为什么是这个答案
Smoking causes vasoconstriction and reduces tissue oxygen, slowing healing and increasing infection risk. Poor nutrition, diabetes, infection and steroids also impair healing.
答案
C · Smoking
4.临床护理
答案: D · Pre-renal acute kidney injury from poor perfusion, treated by restoring fluid volume
为什么是这个答案
Fluid loss reduces kidney perfusion, causing pre-renal AKI. Prompt fluid replacement can restore function before the kidney tissue itself is damaged.
答案
D · Pre-renal acute kidney injury from poor perfusion, treated by restoring fluid volume
QT 与 QTc:QT 间期从 QRS 波群起点到 T 波终点。它随心率加快而缩短,因此要用以秒为单位的 R–R 间期按心率校正:Bazett QTc = QT/√RR,Fridericia QTc = QT/∛RR。多数教科书使用 Bazett 公式;它在心率快时校正过度,此时宜用 Fridericia。各参考标准的界限不同:QTc 男性高于约 0.45 s、女性高于约 0.46 s 通常称为延长,高于 0.50 s 称为明显延长。
测量
QT = 11.5 × 0.04 = 0.46 s
RR = 22 × 0.04 = 0.88 s
Bazett 公式
QTc = 0.46/√0.88 = 0.46/0.9381 = 0.49 s
答案
QTc = 0.49 s
超过男性(约 0.45 s)和女性(约 0.46 s)的通常上限:延长。(490 ms)
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 2:1 房室传导阻滞(类型未定)
2:1 房室传导阻滞:每个 QRS 对应两个 P 波时,没有两个下传的 P 波连续出现,所以无法看出在未下传的 P 波之前,PR 间期是逐渐延长(I 型)还是保持恒定(II 型)。仅凭一条心电图条带,只能称为 2:1 房室传导阻滞;更长的条带或传导比例的改变才能决定类型。QRS 较窄时更可能是 I 型,QRS 增宽时更可能是 II 型,但两者都不能证明。
五个步骤
1. 心率:R–R = 42 个小格,1500 ÷ 42 ≈ 36 次/分。
2. 节律:规则,每个 R–R 均为 1.68 s。
3. P 波:直立且规则(P–P 0.84 s,71 次/分),每个 QRS 对应两个 P 波。
4. PR 间期:下传的搏动中恒定为 0.18 s。
5. QRS:0.12 s,增宽(0.12 s 或以上)。
为什么类型无法确定
每隔一个 P 波就不下传,所以没有两个下传的心搏相继出现,PR 间期是否逐渐延长也就无从显现。
2:1 房室传导阻滞(类型未定)
答案
2:1 房室传导阻滞(类型未定)
QRS 较窄时更可能是 I 型,QRS 增宽时更可能是 II 型,但只有更长的条带或传导比例的改变才能决定。
13.优先排序与委派
答案: B · Report it at once, because cultures and antibiotics are needed quickly
为什么是这个答案
Neutropenic fever is a medical emergency. The patient may have few other signs of infection, so the nurse reports it immediately so that cultures can be taken and IV antibiotics started.
答案
B · Report it at once, because cultures and antibiotics are needed quickly
14.优先排序与委派
答案: C · Back blows and chest thrusts
为什么是这个答案
For a choking infant, the nurse gives cycles of five back blows and five chest thrusts. Abdominal thrusts are not used in infants, and blind finger sweeps can push the object deeper.
答案
C · Back blows and chest thrusts
15.感染控制与患者安全
答案: B · Rectal
为什么是这个答案
Rectal thermometers, suppositories and enemas can damage the rectal mucosa and introduce bacteria into the blood of a patient with almost no neutrophils. Other routes are used instead.
答案
B · Rectal
16.感染控制与患者安全
答案: C · “I think he needs to be assessed now. Can you come within the next 15 minutes?”
为什么是这个答案
In SBAR, the situation names the problem, the background gives the history, the assessment shares the nurse’s findings and judgement, and the recommendation states a clear request with a time frame.
答案
C · “I think he needs to be assessed now. Can you come within the next 15 minutes?”