II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
QTc = s
12.心电图节律条带解读困难
依次按五个步骤解读这条 II 导联心电图:心率、节律、P 波、PR 间期、QRS 时限。你在哪一步发现第一个异常?点击它。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1折旧率
2节律
3P 波
4PR 间期
5QRS 时限
13.优先排序与委派中等
A nurse teaches a patient about sublingual nitroglycerin tablets. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A“I will sit down before I take a tablet.”
B“I will swallow the tablet with a glass of water.”
C“I may get a headache after taking a tablet.”
D“I will keep the tablets in their original dark container.”
14.优先排序与委派困难
A patient has central chest pain that started 30 minutes ago at rest and has not eased with rest or nitroglycerin. What does this suggest?
AStable angina that will pass without treatment
BMuscle strain that needs a warm compress
CIndigestion that is best treated with an antacid and a glass of milk
DA possible myocardial infarction that needs urgent action
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
在准备无菌区时,护士转身离开去回答问题。下列哪项正确?
A之后盖住即可继续使用
B无菌区仍然无菌,因为这段时间没有人碰过它
C只需更换离护士最近的物品
D该无菌区视为已污染,必须重新铺设
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
A nurse teaches a patient going home with an MRSA wound infection. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A“I will put used dressings in a sealed bag before throwing them out.”
B“I will keep the wound covered with a clean, dry dressing.”
C“I will wash my hands after touching my dressing.”
D“I can share towels with my family if I wash them every week.”
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
When is a peak level for an IV aminoglycoside such as gentamicin usually drawn?
AAbout 30 minutes after the infusion ends
BJust before the next dose is started
CExactly 24 hours after the first dose
DAt any time convenient for the patient
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
A child with sickle cell disease and a recent viral illness is pale and tired. The hemoglobin has fallen sharply, and the reticulocyte count is very low. What is the most likely problem?
AA normal finding in sickle cell disease
BAn aplastic crisis, often caused by parvovirus B19
CA vaso-occlusive pain crisis in the bones
DIron deficiency from a poor diet over months
3溶液
1.护理学基础
答案: C · The fall has not happened yet, but risk factors are present
为什么是这个答案
A risk diagnosis describes a problem the patient is vulnerable to, based on risk factors, with no signs yet. Care aims to prevent the problem from occurring.
答案
C · The fall has not happened yet, but risk factors are present
2.护理学基础
答案: D · Make sure no one is touching the patient
为什么是这个答案
Before the shock the rescuer shouts a warning and checks that everyone is clear. Compressions restart straight after the shock as the AED instructs.
答案
D · Make sure no one is touching the patient
3.临床护理
答案: B · Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen
为什么是这个答案
NSAIDs increase the risk of GI bleeding and can trigger kidney failure and fluid retention in cirrhosis. Paracetamol is usually preferred at a lower, carefully chosen dose.
答案
B · Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen
4.临床护理
答案: C · Oxygen is given if the SpO2 is below the target range
为什么是这个答案
Current guidance recommends oxygen in ACS only for hypoxaemia, as routine oxygen in patients with normal saturations has not been shown to help. Urgent ECG, analgesia and antiplatelet treatment remain priorities.
答案
C · Oxygen is given if the SpO2 is below the target range
理想体重(Devine):男性 IBW = 50 kg + 身高超过 5 英尺(60 in)的每英寸加 2.3 kg,女性 IBW = 45.5 kg + 超过 60 in 的每英寸加 2.3 kg;1 in = 2.54 cm。该公式适用于身高至少 152.4 cm(5 ft)的成人。 危重症肥胖患者(ASPEN/SCCM 2016):BMI = 体重/身高²(kg/m²)。BMI 30–40 时蛋白质目标为每天每 kg 理想体重 2 g,BMI 40 及以上时最高为每天每 kg 理想体重 2.5 g。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
体质指数
BMI = 125/1.55² = 52.03 kg/m²
理想体重(Devine)
155 cm/2.54 = 61.02 in
IBW = 45.5 + 2.3·(61.02 − 60) = 47.85 kg
蛋白质目标
BMI 40 或以上:每 kg 理想体重 2.5 g。
P = 2.5·47.85 = 119.6 ≈ 120 g/天
答案
P = 120 g/天
11.心电图节律条带解读
答案: QTc = 0.466 s
QT 与 QTc:QT 间期从 QRS 波群起点到 T 波终点。它随心率加快而缩短,因此要用以秒为单位的 R–R 间期按心率校正:Bazett QTc = QT/√RR,Fridericia QTc = QT/∛RR。多数教科书使用 Bazett 公式;它在心率快时校正过度,此时宜用 Fridericia。各参考标准的界限不同:QTc 男性高于约 0.45 s、女性高于约 0.46 s 通常称为延长,高于 0.50 s 称为明显延长。
测量
QT = 11 × 0.04 = 0.44 s
RR = 21 × 0.04 = 0.84 s
Fridericia 公式
QTc = 0.44/∛0.84 = 0.44/0.9435 = 0.466 s
答案
QTc = 0.466 s
超过男性(约 0.45 s)和女性(约 0.46 s)的通常上限:延长。(466 ms)
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 节律
每条心电图的五个步骤:1. 心率(300 法或 1500 法;若不规则则用 6 秒法);2. 节律:R–R 间期是否相等;3. P 波:是否存在、在 II 导联直立、每个 QRS 之前各有一个且形态一致;4. PR 间期:0.12–0.20 s 且恒定;5. QRS 时限:低于 0.12 s。五个步骤做完之后才命名节律。正常窦性心律五项全部符合:60–100 次/分,规则,每个 QRS 之前有直立 P 波,PR 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 低于 0.12 s。
五个步骤
1. 心率:6 秒内有 7 个 QRS 波群,× 10 = 70 次/分。
2. 节律:不规则,R–R 在 0.72 至 1.00 s 之间,逐渐变长和变短。
3. P 波:直立,每个 QRS 之前各有一个,形态一致。
4. PR 间期:0.14 s,恒定,在 0.12–0.20 s 范围内。
5. QRS:0.10 s,狭窄(低于 0.12 s)。
第一个异常的步骤
节律 → 窦性心律不齐
答案
节律
13.优先排序与委派
答案: B · “I will swallow the tablet with a glass of water.”
为什么是这个答案
Sublingual tablets dissolve under the tongue and are absorbed quickly there. Sitting down reduces falls from low blood pressure, the tablets are protected from light and moisture, and headache is a common side effect.
答案
B · “I will swallow the tablet with a glass of water.”
14.优先排序与委派
答案: D · A possible myocardial infarction that needs urgent action
为什么是这个答案
Chest pain that lasts and is not relieved by rest or nitroglycerin suggests acute coronary syndrome, possibly a heart attack. The nurse acts at once: ECG, escalation and prescribed treatment.
答案
D · A possible myocardial infarction that needs urgent action
15.感染控制与患者安全
答案: D · 该无菌区视为已污染,必须重新铺设
为什么是这个答案
无菌区必须始终处于视线范围内。如果无法确认无菌状态,就应视为已污染。原则是:有疑问时,视为非无菌。
答案
D · 该无菌区视为已污染,必须重新铺设
16.感染控制与患者安全
答案: D · “I can share towels with my family if I wash them every week.”
为什么是这个答案
MRSA spreads by direct contact and shared items, so towels, razors and linen should not be shared. Hand hygiene, covering the wound and bagging dressings are correct.
答案
D · “I can share towels with my family if I wash them every week.”
17.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: A · About 30 minutes after the infusion ends
为什么是这个答案
Peak aminoglycoside levels are usually drawn about 30 minutes after a 30-minute infusion ends, to confirm the level is high enough to kill bacteria. Troughs, drawn just before the next dose, check for accumulation. Local protocols may differ, especially with once-daily dosing.
答案
A · About 30 minutes after the infusion ends
18.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: B · An aplastic crisis, often caused by parvovirus B19
为什么是这个答案
Patients with sickle cell disease depend on a high reticulocyte count because their red cells live only a short time. Parvovirus B19 can stop red cell production for days, causing a rapid fall in hemoglobin with very low reticulocytes. Transfusion may be needed.核对依据:Reticulocyte Count · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)
答案
B · An aplastic crisis, often caused by parvovirus B19