II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
QTc = s
12.心电图节律条带解读困难
这条 II 导联心电图显示心房与心室之间存在传导问题。这是什么节律?点击你的答案。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1一度房室传导阻滞
2交界性心律
3二度 I 型房室传导阻滞(文氏现象)
4三度(完全性)房室传导阻滞
13.优先排序与委派中等
最适合分配给 LPN/LVN 的患者是哪一位?
A即将接受第一单位红细胞输注的患者
B30 分钟前因新发胸痛入院的患者
C需要口服药物的稳定的慢性心力衰竭患者
D从恢复室转来、需要初步评估的患者
14.优先排序与委派困难
A team has an RN, an LPN/LVN and a nursing assistant. Which task is the best one to assign to the LPN/LVN?
AAssessing a patient who returned from surgery 30 minutes ago
BGiving a scheduled subcutaneous anticoagulant injection to a stable patient
CMeasuring the vital signs and weights of every patient on the unit before breakfast
DWriting the discharge teaching plan for a patient with new diabetes
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
An infant has had a cleft lip repair. Why are elbow restraints often used?
ATo hold the IV line in place during feeds and stop it being pulled out
BTo stop the infant’s hands reaching the mouth while still allowing arm movement
CTo keep the infant from rolling over in the crib
DTo prevent the infant from sucking a pacifier
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
A responsive 6-month-old infant is choking and cannot cry or cough. What should the rescuer do?
ATurn the infant upside down and shake gently
BGive back blows and chest thrusts in turn
CDo a blind finger sweep of the mouth
DGive abdominal thrusts as for an adult
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
When blood is drawn from a central venous catheter, why is a small volume of blood usually discarded first, according to policy?
ATo avoid diluting the sample with flush or infusion fluid
BTo check that the catheter tip is still in the right vein
CTo remove blood clots that form in all central lines
DTo lower the patient's hemoglobin for a blood transfusion
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
A patient on lithium has had vomiting and diarrhea for 3 days and has been taking ibuprofen. They now have a coarse tremor and confusion. The lithium level is 2.2 mEq/L. What is the best interpretation and action?
ALithium toxicity; hold lithium and report urgently
BA normal level; continue lithium as prescribed
CIbuprofen side effects only; give it with food
DA low level; ask for the lithium dose to be raised
3溶液
1.护理学基础
答案: C · Measuring how much urine is in the bladder without a catheter
为什么是这个答案
A bladder scanner uses ultrasound to estimate bladder volume, for example after a patient has voided. It helps detect retention and avoids unnecessary catheterisation.
答案
C · Measuring how much urine is in the bladder without a catheter
2.护理学基础
答案: C · Support the patient to tell the team their wishes
为什么是这个答案
As an advocate the nurse makes sure the patient's own wishes are heard. A competent adult decides about their treatment, and the family's views do not override this.
答案
C · Support the patient to tell the team their wishes
3.临床护理
答案: A · Their sense of thirst is often reduced
为什么是这个答案
With age, thirst is blunted, kidney concentrating ability falls and total body water decreases. Cognitive or physical problems can also make it harder to drink.
答案
A · Their sense of thirst is often reduced
4.临床护理
答案: B · Too-rapid correction can cause osmotic demyelination in the brain
为什么是这个答案
In chronic hyponatraemia brain cells adapt to the low tonicity. A rapid rise in sodium draws water out too fast and can cause osmotic demyelination, so the correction rate is limited and sodium is checked often.
答案
B · Too-rapid correction can cause osmotic demyelination in the brain
QT 与 QTc:QT 间期从 QRS 波群起点到 T 波终点。它随心率加快而缩短,因此要用以秒为单位的 R–R 间期按心率校正:Bazett QTc = QT/√RR,Fridericia QTc = QT/∛RR。多数教科书使用 Bazett 公式;它在心率快时校正过度,此时宜用 Fridericia。各参考标准的界限不同:QTc 男性高于约 0.45 s、女性高于约 0.46 s 通常称为延长,高于 0.50 s 称为明显延长。
测量
QT = 9.5 × 0.04 = 0.38 s
RR = 21 × 0.04 = 0.84 s
Bazett 公式
QTc = 0.38/√0.84 = 0.38/0.9165 = 0.415 s
答案
QTc = 0.415 s
在通常上限之内(男性约 0.45 s,女性约 0.46 s)。(415 ms)
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 三度(完全性)房室传导阻滞
房室传导阻滞:逐个标出 P 波,检查哪些 P 波后面跟着 QRS。一度:每个 P 波都下传,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。二度 I 型(Mobitz I,文氏现象):PR 逐搏延长,直到一个 P 波未下传,然后周期重新开始(成组搏动)。二度 II 型(Mobitz II):下传搏动的 PR 保持恒定,P 波突然不下传;QRS 常增宽。三度(完全性)阻滞:P 波和 QRS 波群各自规则但互相独立,PR 随机变化,心房率快于逸搏率(交界性逸搏 40–60 次/分,QRS 窄;室性逸搏 20–40 次/分,QRS 宽)。2:1 阻滞仅凭一份条带无法判断是 I 型还是 II 型。
五个步骤
1. 心率:R–R = 27 个小格,1500 ÷ 27 ≈ 56 次/分。
2. 节律:R–R 规则(1.08 s),P–P 规则(0.80 s),但二者互相独立。
3. P 波:直立且规则,为 75 次/分,但与 QRS 波群无关联;有些藏在 QRS 或 T 波中。
答案: B · Giving a scheduled subcutaneous anticoagulant injection to a stable patient
为什么是这个答案
LPNs/LVNs usually give scheduled injections to stable patients. A fresh postoperative assessment and teaching plans need the RN, and routine vital signs are better given to the assistant so the LPN/LVN can use their skills.
答案
B · Giving a scheduled subcutaneous anticoagulant injection to a stable patient
15.感染控制与患者安全
答案: B · To stop the infant’s hands reaching the mouth while still allowing arm movement
为什么是这个答案
Elbow restraints keep the elbows straight so the infant cannot touch the suture line. They are removed regularly, one at a time, for skin checks and movement under supervision.
答案
B · To stop the infant’s hands reaching the mouth while still allowing arm movement
16.感染控制与患者安全
答案: B · Give back blows and chest thrusts in turn
为什么是这个答案
For infants under one year, the rescuer alternates sets of back blows with chest thrusts, with the head lower than the chest. Abdominal thrusts are not used in infants, and blind finger sweeps can push the object further in.
答案
B · Give back blows and chest thrusts in turn
17.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: A · To avoid diluting the sample with flush or infusion fluid
为什么是这个答案
Central lines contain flush solution or infused fluids, which can dilute the sample or add glucose, heparin or electrolytes. Infusions are paused and an initial volume is discarded (or reinfused per policy) before the sample is drawn; then the line is flushed.
答案
A · To avoid diluting the sample with flush or infusion fluid
18.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: A · Lithium toxicity; hold lithium and report urgently
为什么是这个答案
A level of 2.2 mEq/L with coarse tremor and confusion is lithium toxicity. Fluid loss and NSAIDs both reduce lithium excretion by the kidneys. The dose is held, the provider is informed at once, and fluids and close monitoring are expected; severe cases may need dialysis.
答案
A · Lithium toxicity; hold lithium and report urgently