A patient with kidney stones and fatigue has a calcium of 11.6 mg/dL (2.9 mmol/L), a high parathyroid hormone (PTH) and a low phosphate. Which condition is most likely?
APrimary hyperparathyroidism
BVitamin D deficiency
CCancer-related hypercalcemia
DHypoparathyroidism
3溶液
1.护理学基础
答案: A · No more than about 10–15 seconds
为什么是这个答案
Suction removes oxygen as well as secretions. Keeping passes short, oxygenating as needed and watching SpO₂ reduces hypoxia and airway trauma.
答案: D · Stop the infusion straight away and follow the extravasation protocol
为什么是这个答案
Suspected extravasation of a vesicant needs the infusion stopped immediately. Local protocols then guide aspiration through the cannula, specific treatments, elevation, documentation and specialist review.
答案
D · Stop the infusion straight away and follow the extravasation protocol
QT 与 QTc:QT 间期从 QRS 波群起点到 T 波终点。它随心率加快而缩短,因此要用以秒为单位的 R–R 间期按心率校正:Bazett QTc = QT/√RR,Fridericia QTc = QT/∛RR。多数教科书使用 Bazett 公式;它在心率快时校正过度,此时宜用 Fridericia。各参考标准的界限不同:QTc 男性高于约 0.45 s、女性高于约 0.46 s 通常称为延长,高于 0.50 s 称为明显延长。
测量
从 QRS 起点到 T 波终点共 12.5 个小格
转换
QT = 12.5 × 0.04 s = 0.5 s
答案
QT = 0.5 s
粗略的规则:在正常心率下,QT 应小于 R–R 间期的一半(此处 R–R = 1.08 s)。
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 心室率 = 40 bpm
房室传导阻滞:逐个标出 P 波,检查哪些 P 波后面跟着 QRS。一度:每个 P 波都下传,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。二度 I 型(Mobitz I,文氏现象):PR 逐搏延长,直到一个 P 波未下传,然后周期重新开始(成组搏动)。二度 II 型(Mobitz II):下传搏动的 PR 保持恒定,P 波突然不下传;QRS 常增宽。三度(完全性)阻滞:P 波和 QRS 波群各自规则但互相独立,PR 随机变化,心房率快于逸搏率(交界性逸搏 40–60 次/分,QRS 窄;室性逸搏 20–40 次/分,QRS 宽)。2:1 阻滞仅凭一份条带无法判断是 I 型还是 II 型。
心房率
P–P = 25 个小格 = 1.00 s → 1500 ÷ 25 = 60 ≈ 60 次/分
心室率
6 s 内 4 个 QRS 波群 × 10 = 40 次/分
答案
心室率 = 40 bpm
答案
心室率 = 40 bpm
二度 I 型(文氏现象):每 2 个 QRS 波群对应 3 个 P 波。
13.优先排序与委派
答案: B · Place the patient on a cardiac monitor
为什么是这个答案
Severe hyperkalemia can cause dangerous arrhythmias, so continuous cardiac monitoring comes first while the provider is informed and treatment is prepared.
答案
B · Place the patient on a cardiac monitor
14.优先排序与委派
答案: A · Vomiting bright red blood, heart rate 120/min
为什么是这个答案
Vomiting blood with a fast pulse suggests bleeding esophageal varices, which can quickly be fatal. The other findings are chronic or stable.
答案
A · Vomiting bright red blood, heart rate 120/min
15.感染控制与患者安全
答案: C · Hold the bottle with the label in the palm and pour without touching the bowl
为什么是这个答案
The nurse pours from a little height without touching the sterile bowl, avoiding splashes that would wet the field. Holding the label in the palm keeps it readable and free of drips.
答案
C · Hold the bottle with the label in the palm and pour without touching the bowl
16.感染控制与患者安全
答案: C · Discard the syringe and prepare the dose again with new equipment
为什么是这个答案
In aseptic non-touch technique, key parts such as syringe tips and IV hubs must not touch any non-sterile surface. A contaminated key part is not cleaned and reused. It is replaced.
答案
C · Discard the syringe and prepare the dose again with new equipment
In primary hyperparathyroidism, usually from an adenoma, PTH is high despite high calcium, and phosphate is low because PTH increases its excretion. Cancer-related hypercalcemia typically has a suppressed PTH.核对依据:Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2023); Hyperparathyroidism · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026)