练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一位体重 65 kg 的患者每天每 kg 需要 2 g 蛋白质。管饲配方每升含 63 g 蛋白质,以 45 mL/h 每天运行 18 小时。 每天还需要多少克额外蛋白质ΔP? 保留一位小数。
65 kg2 g/kg/天63 g/L45 mL/h · 18 h
ΔP = g/天
10.肠内与肠外营养计算困难
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 在 24 小时内,一位患者接受 1200 mL 肠外营养,终浓度为 25% 葡萄糖和 4.25% 氨基酸,另加 250 mL 10% 脂肪乳(1.1 kcal/mL)。 求患者获得的总热量E(kcal/天)。 取整到最接近的整数。
1200 mL葡萄糖 25%氨基酸 4.25%脂肪 250 mL · 1.1 kcal/mL
E = kcal/天
11.心电图节律条带解读中等
这条 II 导联心电图显示传导比例固定的心房扑动。求出心室率(单位:次/分)。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
心室率 = bpm
12.心电图节律条带解读困难
这条 II 导联心电图显示房室传导阻滞,所以心房和心室以不同的频率搏动。QRS 波群是规则的:求出心室率(单位:次/分,1500 法,取整数)。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
心室率 = bpm
13.优先排序与委派中等
A patient with a valid do-not-resuscitate order (DNR; called DNACPR in the UK) stops breathing and has no pulse. What should the nurse do?
AStart CPR and stop when the family arrives
BFollow the DNR order and do not start CPR
CStart chest compressions but not rescue breaths
DCall the cardiac arrest team and let them decide
14.优先排序与委派困难
After a head injury, a patient passes large amounts of very dilute urine, is thirsty and has a rising serum sodium. Which condition is most likely?
ADiabetes insipidus
BAcute kidney injury with oliguria
CSIADH
DDiabetic ketoacidosis
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
为什么即使换用新针头,胰岛素笔也绝不能用于多名患者?
A共用笔会改变输出的剂量
B每支笔只装有一剂胰岛素
C血液可能倒流进药筒并传播感染
D笔中的胰岛素一旦共用就会更快过期
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
在为中心静脉导管无菌换药时,一名同事越过打开的无菌区把一卷胶带递给护士。护士应怎么做?
A将该无菌区视为已污染,重新铺设
B只移除手臂经过处最近的物品
C用无菌巾盖住该区域,并在其上继续操作
D继续操作,因为同事没有碰到任何无菌物品
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
A patient's potassium is unexpectedly 5.8 mEq/L. The sample was taken after the tourniquet was on for several minutes while the patient pumped their fist. What is the best interpretation?
AThe result may be falsely high and should be repeated with better technique
BThe result confirms true hyperkalemia and needs no further checking
CFist pumping lowers potassium, so the true level is even higher
DTourniquet time affects only the glucose result, not the potassium
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
A patient's total calcium is 7.6 mg/dL and the albumin is 2.0 g/dL. Using the common correction (add 0.8 mg/dL for each 1 g/dL that albumin is below 4.0), what is the corrected calcium?
A11.6 mg/dL, above the normal range
B9.2 mg/dL, within the normal range
C6.0 mg/dL, well below the normal range
D7.6 mg/dL, below the normal range
3溶液
1.护理学基础
答案: B · The quality of the pain, such as sharp, dull or burning
为什么是这个答案
PQRST covers Provoking or palliating factors, Quality, Region and radiation, Severity and Timing. Describing the quality helps identify the cause of the pain.
答案
B · The quality of the pain, such as sharp, dull or burning
2.护理学基础
答案: C · Give the first IV antibiotic dose to a patient with suspected sepsis
为什么是这个答案
In sepsis antibiotics are time-critical, and every hour of delay increases the risk of death. Routine tasks are done afterwards.
答案
C · Give the first IV antibiotic dose to a patient with suspected sepsis
3.临床护理
答案: C · Nausea, abdominal discomfort or diarrhoea
为什么是这个答案
Gastrointestinal upset is common at the start, so metformin is started at a low dose with food and increased gradually. It rarely causes hypoglycaemia when used alone.
答案
C · Nausea, abdominal discomfort or diarrhoea
4.临床护理
答案: C · Spasm of the hand when a blood pressure cuff is inflated on the arm
为什么是这个答案
Trousseau's sign, carpal spasm during cuff inflation, and Chvostek's sign, facial twitching on tapping the facial nerve, indicate neuromuscular irritability from low calcium.
答案
C · Spasm of the hand when a blood pressure cuff is inflated on the arm
节律标准(II 导联):窦性心律每个 QRS 之前都有直立的 P 波,PR 恒定为 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 狭窄:60–100 次/分为正常窦性心律,低于 60 为窦性心动过缓,高于 100 为窦性心动过速。心房颤动:无 P 波,基线呈颤动,R–R 绝对不规则。心房扑动:约 250–350 次/分的锯齿状扑动波,伴固定的传导比例,如 2:1 或 4:1。一度房室传导阻滞:窦性心律,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。交界性心律:窄 QRS,40–60 次/分,P 波缺失或倒置(PR 低于 0.12 s,或 P 波在 QRS 之后)。室性早搏(PVC)是提前出现的宽大(0.12 s 或以上)、形态怪异的 QRS,没有 P 波,T 波方向相反,通常有完全性代偿间歇;二联律是指每隔一个搏动就有一个室性早搏。
扑动波
F–F = 5 个小格 = 0.20 s → 1500 ÷ 5 = 300 次/分
QRS 波群
R–R = 20 个小格 = 0.80 s → 1500 ÷ 20 = 75 次/分
传导比例 = 300 ÷ 75 = 4:1
答案
心室率 = 75 bpm
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 心室率 = 36 bpm
房室传导阻滞:逐个标出 P 波,检查哪些 P 波后面跟着 QRS。一度:每个 P 波都下传,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。二度 I 型(Mobitz I,文氏现象):PR 逐搏延长,直到一个 P 波未下传,然后周期重新开始(成组搏动)。二度 II 型(Mobitz II):下传搏动的 PR 保持恒定,P 波突然不下传;QRS 常增宽。三度(完全性)阻滞:P 波和 QRS 波群各自规则但互相独立,PR 随机变化,心房率快于逸搏率(交界性逸搏 40–60 次/分,QRS 窄;室性逸搏 20–40 次/分,QRS 宽)。2:1 阻滞仅凭一份条带无法判断是 I 型还是 II 型。
A valid DNR order means CPR is not started. The nurse keeps the patient comfortable, informs the provider and supports the family.
答案
B · Follow the DNR order and do not start CPR
14.优先排序与委派
答案: A · Diabetes insipidus
为什么是这个答案
Damage to the pituitary or hypothalamus can stop the release of antidiuretic hormone, causing diabetes insipidus. The patient loses water, so urine is dilute and sodium rises; SIADH causes the opposite.
答案: A · The result may be falsely high and should be repeated with better technique
为什么是这个答案
Repeated fist clenching and a long tourniquet time release potassium from muscle and can cause hemolysis, both of which give a falsely high potassium. The patient is assessed and the test is repeated with correct technique; true hyperkalemia must not be missed.核对依据:Potassium Blood Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024); Potassium test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答案
A · The result may be falsely high and should be repeated with better technique
18.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: B · 9.2 mg/dL, within the normal range
为什么是这个答案
Corrected calcium = 7.6 + 0.8 × (4.0 − 2.0) = 9.2 mg/dL, which is normal. Low albumin lowers the bound fraction of calcium; the correction is only an estimate, and an ionized calcium is more accurate when it matters.核对依据:Calcium blood test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)